Classical Theory of Criminology Essay - 1523 Words

Criminology is the study of why individuals engage or commit crimes and the reasons as to why they behave in certain ways in different situations (Hagan, 2010). Through understanding the reasons or why an individual commits a crime, one can come up with ways to prevent and control crime or rehabilitate criminals. There exist a large number of criminology theories, some link crime to an individual or person; they believe a person weighs the cons and pros and makes a conscious decision on whether to commit or not commit a felony. Others see the society as having a duty to make sure that its members do not engage in criminal acts by providing a secure and safe living place. Some claim that some people have hidden or dormant characteristics†¦show more content†¦According to this theory, the rational remedy for preventing crimes would be establishing harsher punishments or sentences for committing crimes. Cesare Beccaria is considered to be the classical theory founder. His conce pt even in today’s world continues to play a significant role in many countries legal systems, however, this approach happens to be more flexible in the modern world. Cesare Beccaria theory emerged as a result of a reaction against the barbaric system of justice, punishment and law present before 1789. It mainly emphasized on human rationality and free will (Beccaria, 1986). The classical criminology theory was not concerned in studying and understanding criminals, but concentrated on legal processing and law making. According to the theory, crime was believed to be an activity engaged or committed out of free will and that criminals weighed their actions consequences. Punishment is established or developed in order to prevent individuals from engaging in criminal acts and it should be greater than the benefits of criminal acts (Akers Sellers, 2012). The classical theory stressed on the legal crime definition rather than emphasizing on what defined or determined criminal behavior. It is essential to understand the background inShow MoreRelatedClassical Theory in Criminology1753 Words   |  8 PagesClassical School Classical theory in criminology has its roots in the theories of the 18th century Italian nobleman and economist, Cesare Beccaria and the English philosopher, Jeremy Bentham (Hollin, 2004, 2). It was based on principles of utilitarian philosophy. Cesare Beccaria, author of On Crimes and Punishments (1763–64), Jeremy Bentham, inventor of the panopticon, and other classical school philosophers based their arguments as follows, (1) People have free will to choose how to act (2) DeterrenceRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology935 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciples of the Classical School of Criminology? The major principles in the Classical School of Criminology are that humans are rational and that our behavior comes from free will, and our human behavior is derived from pain and pleasure. To deter criminal’s punishment is necessary, which may set an example for others. As well as crime prevention should be implemented with quick regulated punishment for violations of the law. What were some forerunners of classical thought in criminology? Some forerunnersRead MoreThe Various Theories of Criminology 1276 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology is defined as an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior including their forms, causes, legal aspects, and control. There are many aspects in the field of criminology. These aspects include the areas of research involved, the criminology schools of thought, theoretical developments and the people involved in creating and developing the theories. What role do criminologists play in the field of criminology? The term criminologistRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 Pagesoffenders engage in criminal behaviour. In the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. The most influential theories are known as the Classical and Positivist perspectives. Both of these theories have had a long-term influence on the current Criminal Justice System. Which were so significant throughout the 20th and 21st century because they introduced effective new strategiesRead MoreClassical, Biological And Psychological Theories901 Words   |  4 Pages Early classical, biological and psychological theories have helped shape the burgeoning world of criminology. Many of the ideas they held were unique, however, some key principles are still in use by there modern counterparts. Classical psychological theories, focused on two main concepts; personality and behaviorism. Personality theories helped improve cognitive sciences and behaviorism called attention to social learning with a focus on behavioral conditioning. For example, Ivan Pavlov, a prominentRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Classical School of Criminology was established. The Classical School of Criminology was founded by Cesare de Baccaria and Jeremy Bentham. The Classical School of Criminology has played a very important role in implementing changes to the criminal punishment system. One of the most significant features of the Classical School of Criminology is its stress on the person as a human being who is competent enough to calculate whether or not they will commit a crime (Lilly, 2011). The Classical SchoolRead MoreCriminology Theories and Capital Crimes1182 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology Theories and Capital Crimes: As part of the distinct aspects of criminal justice policy, the different criminology theories have significant impacts on the criminal justice system. The different theories of crime are used to explain criminal justice policy and the criminal justice system. These theories were developed by different people in attempts to explain criminal justice. In addition, criminological theories assist is shaping the societys reaction to offense in relation to preventingRead MoreClassicalism vs. Positivism1546 Words   |  7 Pagescriminologists everyday. Criminology is an ever growing field, mainly because there is more and more research occurring and new theories linking people and crime coming out everyday. Below the main field of criminology there are many subfields that have different theories and philosophies on what they believe link criminal behavior. Two of the main criminology perspectives are Classical Criminology and Positivist Criminology. Although these two are both studied in the criminology field, their viewsRead MoreBiological and Classical School1265 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Classical School of criminology emerged during the eighteenth century after the European Enlightenment period. It was during this time that law enforcement and laws were disparate and unjust and punishment was brutal. Members of the Classical School would demand justice that based on equality and human punishment that was appropriate for the offense. According to Williams and McShane 2009, the Classical School was uninterested in studying the criminal per se; it gained its associationRead MoreClassical Criminology : Criminal Justice Policies And Against The Spiritual Explanation Of Crime Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Criminology is focused on the punishment of crime rather than the causation of crime. The classicism theory of criminology is the concepts of legal system and its approach during the 1700’s (‘Enlightenment period’). It is argued that Classical criminology was a â€Å"protest against those criminal justice policies and against the sp iritual explanation of crime†.1 Features of Classical criminology still have a large impact on legal systems, like the concept of proportionality. There are many

Network Security - 664 Words

This assignment consists of two (2) sections: an infrastructure document and a revised Gantt chart or project plan. You must submit both sections as separate files for the completion of this assignment. Label each file name according to the section of the assignment it is written for. . The infrastructure which encompasses the network solution and security considerations is a major consideration for your company. Considering that the company will be expanding from one (1) floor to three (3) floors in the very near future you, as the CIO, are responsible for the design of the infrastructure and security protocols. You have been tasked with designing a network that is stable, redundant, and scalable. In addition, speed and reliability†¦show more content†¦d. Illustrate the possible placement of servers including access paths to the Internet, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and firewalls. Note: Facility limitations, workstations, databases, printers, routers, switches, bridges, and access points should be considered in the illustration. e. Create and describe a comprehensive security policy for this data-collection and analysis company that will: i. Protect the company infrastructure and assets by applying the principals of confidentiality, integrity, and a vailability (CIA). Note: CIA is a widely used benchmark for evaluation of information systems security, focusing on the three (3) core goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. ii. Address ethical aspects related to employee behavior, contractors, password usage, and access to networked resources and information. Section 1 of your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: * Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. * Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. * Include charts or diagrams created in MSShow MoreRelatedThe Security Of A Home Network1352 Words   |  6 Pages Yu Lun Chou 1730799 MADS 6638 Computer Security Admin. George Thucydides 4/26/2016 Table of content Introduction Inventory Vulnerability Test Protection Support Incident Response  Introduction Information play an essential role in everywhere. For a company, in order to run the company well, information management is a necessary skill, and leaking information, odds are , causes significant damage to the company. Even though a private network will not have as great damage as an organizationRead MoreWorldwide Network Security7789 Words   |  32 PagesMARKET ANALYSIS Worldwide Network Security 2012–2016 Forecast and 2011 Vendor Shares John Grady IDC OPINION The worldwide network security market grew by 6.1% in 2011. The total market, which includes firewall, unified threat management (UTM), intrusion detection and prevention (IDP), and virtual private network (VPN) solutions, reached $7.4 billion in 2011. UTM revenue saw the strongest growth at 17.4% and reached $2.2 billion. The IDP market saw more moderate growth at 4.5%, reaching $1.9Read MoreNetwork Security And Security774 Words   |  4 Pagesbring the network up to current security standards. Attempts to breach networks are becoming more sophisticated and difficult to defend against, as more powerful hardware is introduced and new security defenses become available leaving older measures unreliable. Aging networks that are improperly secured are more at risk than ever. It is not only important to ensure you have the proper defense at the perimeter but also internally on wired and wireless infrastructure. When considering network securityRead MoreThe Problem Of Computer Netwo rk Security1222 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Computer network security has never been as critical as it is today. The news is littered with the widespread incidents of hacking and cyber theft in the financial, entertainment, and retail industries, and more recently in our military. A recent survey, conducted by Kaspersky Lab, a leader in endpoint protection solutions, found that 94% of all companies surveyed experienced a cyber security issue (Kaspersky Lab, 2014). Furthermore, a recent study has found that the average cost ofRead MoreNetwork Security And The Security934 Words   |  4 PagesHospital Network Security With a multitude of changes occurring in the technology field, it is critical that hospitals maintain the highest levels of security for their internal network as well as their public access network. Hospitals contain vital information about patients, treatment styles, employees and staff, as well as pharmaceuticals that are kept on the premises. The importance of protecting this information cannot be understated and a breach in security could cause a breakdown inRead MoreThe Security Of A Network984 Words   |  4 Pagesare many threats today that can compromise the security of a network. Network security is now more important as ever as attacks on networks that hold valuable information are being breached, even with security measures put in place. One of the biggest threats to a network is data theft. Outside hackers pose the greatest threat. These thieves target a company’s network and steal information through vulnerabilities that they have found in their networks. They usually gain access through the use of aRead MoreInternal Network Security1451 Words   |  6 Pagespeople in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack is only come from outside the company. In fact, the attack from inside the company network is more harmful with high frequency to be happened. As written by Cryptek (2001)Read MoreNetwork Security And The Network1818 Words   |  8 Pages Abstract Network security is a broad term used to refer to processes and procedures that are configured by a company’s network administrator to provide visibility and prevent denial of service, unauthorized access, modification and exploitation of the corporate network or respective resources. The resources refer to files or computer programs available on the corporate network infrastructure. The infrastructure comprise of corporate software and hardware resources that facilitate communicationRead MoreInformation Security And Network Security994 Words   |  4 PagesIn information security, computer security and network security an Asset is any data, device, or other component of the environment that supports information-related activities. Assets generally include hardware (servers and switches), software (e.g. mission critical applications and support systems) and confidential information. Assets should be protected from illicit access, use, disclosure, alteration, destruction, and/ or theft, resulting in loss to the organization. Security assets are quiteRead MoreNetwork Security : Information Security1276 Words   |  6 Pages CIS647-NETWORK SYSTEMS COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY Prof : Philip Fitzpatrick By: Suresh Palleboina (21063613) COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY Introduction: Computer network Security is the most essential and complex topic in IT field. It is important that all user must have an awareness about computer network security. Internet is a biggest network in the world which connects all computer devices in the world. In our daily life millions of people communication each other by using internet

Communication And Interpersonal Skills For Professional...

Communications and Interpersonal Skills. Discuss its importance to Professional Practice in general and in Podiatry. This essay aims to show what communication and interpersonal skills are, how they are linked with standards for professional behaviour and, why both are important for individual Health Care Professional (HCP) like podiatrists. The NHS is committed to quality patient care to the highest standards both clinical treatment and professional behaviour (Department of Health, pp 3-4, 2013). Evidence based guidelines and standards of working practice have been written by NICE (2014) and the HCPC (2014) to allow HCPs to work to this end. Over the last thirty years the NHS has placed increasing value on multi-disciplinary team (MDT) work to improve the welfare of the patient; the systems of working; and, increase efficiency in costs (Sanders, Robbins Edmonds, 2010). Reduction rates in major amputations in diabetic patients fell by 82% over an 11 year period following the development of the MDT foot clinic in Ipswich (Krishnan, 2008). The value placed on multi-disciplinary team (MDT) work brings with it an inherent need for excellent communication skills within the team, with the patient and the wider environment such as the patient’s family. (Street De Haes, 2013). In managing all the aspects to achieving a positive patient outcome, the team needs to communicate with each other and the patient in order to affect shared-learning, identify obstacles, acceptShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Relationships Analysis1607 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Relationships Analysis This comprehensive analysis determines the concepts, components, and elements of interpersonal relationships. The concept of attraction foundations shows four different stages of attraction beginning with social and interpersonal communication skills forming a bond between two people. The social environment promotes building of interpersonal relationships for both the professional and private environments. The unique exchanges between interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreEffective Communication As A Health Care Professional1313 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is about more than just exchanging information. It s about understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. Effective communication is how you convey a message so that it is received and understood by someone in exactly the way you intended (L. Robinson, J. Segal, Ph. D., M. Smith. 2015). This paper looks at the requirements of effective communication as a health care professional and the essential concepts to have as a registered nurse. Effective communication assistsRead MoreInterpersonal Relationship1547 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal  Skills  Frame  Game      Instructional  Objective  Ã‚      This  frame  game  reinforces  key  concepts  taught  in  many  professional  development  courses  that   address  interpersonal  skills.  The  game  helps  to  increase  learning  transfer  by  asking  students  to   describe  and  apply  strategies  in  five  areas:  1)  developing  and  maintaining  trust,  2)  increasing   communication  skills,  3)  expressing  feelings  verbally,  4)  listening  and  responding  in  a  helpful   manner,  5)  and  resolving  interpersonal  conflictRead MoreThe Benefits of Assertive Communication and the Importance of Interpersonal Relationships in the Healthcare Industry945 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Assertive Communication and the Importance of Interpersonal Relationships in the Health Care Industry There is a large body of evidence that effective communication between healthcare workers their patients and their peers can have a significant influence on patient outcomes. According to study published in Issues in Medical Nursing (Kameg, Mitchell, Clochesy, Howard Suresky, 2009) breakdowns in communication increasingly result in incidents that put patients in jeopardy. TheRead MoreThe Future Of Dermatology Is On The World Of Aesthetics And Disease1477 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal qualities of professionalism, maintain ethical behavior, interpersonal communication skills, and the ability to be team-player. The demand of dermatologists is high among all ages requiring treatments for multiple skin diseases and cancers, but is also soaring among the public as majority of the population is fixated on appearance and is willing to pay privately and upfront for cosmetic procedures. Medicine has been considered a professional occupation since in the early 1800s and is the authorityRead MoreDear Sacramento Chinese Community Service Center,. I Have1409 Words   |  6 PagesDear Sacramento Chinese Community Service Center, I have been recently taking an interpersonal communication course and have discovered a great deal of information that I believe can be extremely beneficial to our agency’s communication effectiveness. I invite you all to think back to one of our previous meetings, do you recall any of the following? A lack of eye contact, a lack of enthusiasm, and frustrated looks on faces? How about an overall sense of discontent so much so that people are disengagedRead MoreInterpersonal Relationships And Its Effects On The Family And Community822 Words   |  4 Pagesneed for interpersonal relationships including intimate, business, and family relationships, and friendship. The topic of interpersonal relationships has been an area of concern for many disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Academicians aim to discover the combination of factors that sustain or hinder interpersonal relations and why people need them. In this quest, many theories, concepts, and axioms h ave been proposed to explain the complex notion of interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreThe Significant Principles of Management Communications2466 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Research Paper: The Significant Principles of Management Communications Mia A. Rapier BUS 600: Management Communication with Technology Tools Instructor Cheryl Moore July 27, 2014 It’s been understood that â€Å"communication in business involves a complex set of unwritten rules governing speech, written correspondence and body language that varies in different parts of the world† (Ingram, 2014). Communication is the essential component of business, â€Å"from the entry-level manager to theRead MoreThe Importance Of Interpersonal Communication1038 Words   |  5 PagesInterpersonal communication can be seen everywhere is vas locations, and is needed for relationships and the idea of yourself. In life, communication becomes very vital in continuing and maintaining these relationships, and having the ability at a competent level is a necessity.   When it comes to communication you’re either good at it or not as good, but there is always room for improvement. Interpersonal communication skills are learned behaviors that can be improved through knowledge, practiceRead MorePersonal Statement : Interpersonal Communication Essay1064 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesThroughout the semester in interpersonal communication class I have gained versatile understandings of many abstract ideas on communication that without the course I may have missed an opportunity to do so. Looking at the bigger picture of communication, it is an ongoing learned skill that will be improved by both education and personal experiences which will help enable me to possess competent communication skills/characteristics. As I have learned in class our habitual communication styles and tendencies

Effects Of Pesticides On Heavy Metal Pollution - 2298 Words

Introduction Industrial pollution has been identified as a major problem in Egypt and is addressed under the National Pollution Prevention Program (NIPPP). (Abou Elela, 2002). Fertilizers industry is considered a sub-sector of the chemical industries which is based on the usage of numerous types of chemicals in large quantities. Increase in fertilizer use has become unavoidable to achieve maximum agricultural harvest. For instance, due to increasing population pressure, the use of chemical fertilizers has become essential in increasing crop production efficiency and meets the high needs for agricultural products in countries with a growing population. Waste from fertilizer factories usually ends up in sediments and soils. This waste may disturb the health of soil ecosystems. Soil quality and productivity in these areas have been dramatically reduced. Heavy metals contamination due to the emission of fertilizer industry is significant problem, which leads to negative influence on soil characteris tics and limitation of productive and environmental functions (Kassir et al., 2012). A number of field studies have described the reaction of microarthropods on heavy metal pollution (e.g. Bengtsson and Rundgren, 1988; Hà ¥gvar and Abrahamsen, 1990; Rabitsch, 1995; Russell and Alberti, 1998). Soil organisms may play an important role in the transfer of metals through the ecosystem in metal-polluted environments (Janssen et al., 1991). The most numerous groups of microarthropodsShow MoreRelatedRelease of Heavy Metals in the Environment648 Words   |  3 PagesRelease of heavy metals in the environment is one of the major pollution problems. Day by day concentration of these metals is increasing in water supplies due to various industrial processing. Different industries such as steel manufacturing, fertilizer and pesticide industry, leather tanning, electroplating, metallurgy, mining and smelting of metalliferous, surface finishing industry, energy and fuel production industries, electrolysis, electro-osmosis, photography, electric appliance manufacturingRead MoreAnimal Animals : Animal Waste1214 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern society, animals, such as chickens and cows, are genetically created for human consumption in concentrated animal feeding operations, otherwise known as CAFOs (Burkholder 2007). Animal feeding operations significantly contribute to water pollution because of the millions of pounds of manure produced. Controlled animal feeding operations hold hundreds of animals that must relieve themselves multiple times a day, causing an excessive buildup of manure. 238,000 working farms and ranches in theRead MoreStudies on the Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Dump Sites on Public Health 1516 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironme ntal pollution and impact of exposure 7 5.0 The study findings 9 6.0 Conclusion 10 7.0 References 11 1. Introduction Over the last three decades there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution, in particular, the global burden of disease. The World Health Organization (WHO)1 estimates that about a quarter of the diseases facing mankind today occur due to prolonged exposure to environmental pollution. MostRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution By Heavy Metals1199 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in the world. The mobilization of heavy metals through extraction from ores and subsequent processing for different applications has led to the release of these elements into the environment. The problem of heavy metals’ pollution is becoming more and more serious with increasing industrialization and disturbance of natural biogeochemical cycles. Unlike organic substances, heavy metals are essentially non-biodegradableRead MoreCauses And Remedies Of Water Pollution1596 Words   |  7 PagesOF WATER POLLUTION AND EFFECTS AND REMEDIES ABSTRACT Water is one of the necessities for existence of mankind. It is also one of the most abundantly available resources. But indifference of mankind and its abuse of the plentiful resource made water scarcity a problem for many nations around the globe. Water pollution is one major problem that demands utmost attention to deal with emerging water crisis. This paper is an attempt to describe various causes and remedies for water pollution. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreWater And Its Effects On The Human Body1308 Words   |  6 Pagescontaminated substances. Furthermore, the pollution of our water supplies can be caused by various activities such as agriculture ,waste disposal, and biological changes which can pose dangers to human health and the environment. Thus decreasing our ways of preventing contamination due to careless malpractices in the purification of our water supplies. Water can easily get contaminated by industrial waste products, fertilizers and pesticides, heavy metals, bacterial build up ( microorganisms), etcRead MoreWhat Causes Water Pollution And Its Effects Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Causes Water Pollution and its Effects The shoreline became a black gooey mess that killed countless birds, and completely devastated marine life! This environmental disaster is only one example of severe water pollution. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the causes and effects of pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem for the environment. It should be solved on a large scale at the level of states and federal governmental levels. If the public becomesRead MoreWhat Causes Water Pollution And Its Effects1147 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Causes Water Pollution and its Effects The shoreline became a black gooey mess that killed countless birds, and completely devastated marine life! This environmental disaster is only one example of severe water pollution. Therefore, it becomes essential to understand the causes and effects of pollution. Water pollution is a serious problem for the environment. It should be solved on a large scale at the level of states and federal governmental levels. If the public becomesRead MoreThe Devestating Causes of Water Pollution Essay example1650 Words   |  7 Pagesgotten contaminated to the point of major concern for not only human health but for all other organisms too. For many years water pollution has become a ponderous complication because of its deleterious effects and humans being the most frequent cause of this pollution. Urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture are just a handful of the many causes of water pollution that is destroying and harming wildlife and human health. If it cannot be fixed or prevented, the results will be detrimentalRead MoreEnvironmental Quality Report : Pensacola Bay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesarea as industrial, agricultural and pollution from other sources still makes it into the freshwater supply of the county. Through the data on the Test results Table on their last page, various compounds and containments can be seen and noted as the ECUA notes MCLG and MCL levels and provides a description of the most likely source in which those containments are coming from ranging from natural processes, industrial and agricultural runoff and waste/pollution from various sources throughout the

Social Research Methods Free Essays

Social Research Methods/Unobtrusive Research Introduction – Unobtrusive measures are ways of studying social behavior whithout affecting it in the process. Unobtrusive research is simply the methods of studying social behaviorwithout affecting it. – There are three types of unobtrusive research: Content Analysis Analysis of existing statistics Comparative and historical analysis Content Analysis – With content analysis you focus on the details of recorded human communications. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Research Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example you would analyze a painting a written document, photos, films, and things like face book. – Appropriate topics include who says what, to whom, why, how, and with what effect. For example, if our unit of analysis is writers, then we can use units of observation like novels written by them, chapters and paragraphs of the novels, etc. – Variable identification and measurement in content analysis depend on clarity of the unit of analysis. – Content Analysis involves coding which may attend to both manifest and latent content. The determination of latent content requires judgements by the researcher. – Both quantitative and qualitative techniques are appropriate for interpreting content analysis data. – There are four characteristics that are usually coded in content analysis: 1) Frequency – a count of the number of occurrences of a word, phrase, image, etc 2) Direction – the direction in meaning of the text content (e. g. positive vs negative or active vs passive) 3) Intensity – degree or strength of a text reference 4) Space – the size of the passage, image, or other content Strengths of content analysis: Research poses little to no harm on subjects Time efficient, cheap Allows researcher to correct mistakes Can look at processes occurring over time Good reliability Weaknesses of content analysis: -Limited to what the researcher is able to record -Validity can be limited – In content analysis we could employ any conventional sampling technique like random, systematic, stratified, or clustered sampling. When concerning sub-sampling, sampling needs not to end with our unit of analysis. For example, if our unit of analysis is writers, then we can use units of observation like novels written by them, chapters and paragraphs of the novels, etc. Analyzing Existing Statistics – With analysis of existing statistics, your focus would be mainly statistics of different studies without confusing this with secondary analysis which is just obtaining a copy of somebody’s data and carrying out ones own analysis. – When analyzing existing statistics, it may be the main source of data or a supplemental source of data. Most existing statistics come from governments and large intergovernmental organizations. When describing the units of analysis, existing statistics describe groups. You must be aware of the ecological fallacy. This means making assumptions regarding individuals based on characteristics of entire population. – Whenever we base research on an analysis of data that already exists we’re limited to what exists. The existing data do not cover exactly what we are interested in, and our measurement may not be altogether valid representations of the variables and concepts we want to make conclusions about. Two characteristics of science are used to handle the problem of alidity in analysis of existing statistics: logical reasoning and replication. – Problems of validity in the analysis of existing statistics can often be handled through logical reasoning and replication. – Existing statistics often have problems of reliability, so they must be used with caution. Comparative and Historical Research – And lastly comparative and historical research which is the examination of societies (or other social units) over time and in comparison with one another. – An example of comparative and historical research is the U. S. nthropologist, Lewis Morgan, who saw a progression in societies from â€Å"savagery† to â€Å"barbarism† to â€Å"civilization. † Also Robert Redfield noticed the progression from â€Å"folk society† to â€Å"urban society. † Pitirim Sorokin however respresnts a different form of this research. He theorizes that societal trends follow a cycle pattern between two points of view. One he called â€Å"ideational† and the other â€Å"sensate. â€Å" Later he developed third point of view, which he called â€Å"idealistic. † – Historical research and sociology often use the same tools and datasets as history, but they have different goals. istoriography – methodology of doing historical research The comparative historical method was the backbone of 19th century sociology. Sociologists such as Durkheim and Weber focused in on societies and studied and categorized them during different stages of development. In the mid-twentieth century, as the United States became the center of sociological research, the comparative historical method virtually disappeared. It has been revived in the U. S. in the past 35 years by researchers inspired by the European sociological classics. – There are two types of sources a researcher can use when conducting historical research. )primary sources – physical artifacts of human societies; (ex. documents, letters, official records, personal recollections) 2)secondary sources – books and papers published by governments and historians; (ex. statistical running records) Examples of famous studies include Durkheim’s Study of Suicide and Kentor’Consequences of Globalization. – The unit of analysis of existing statistics describe groups. Means you must be aware of the ecological fallacy which involves making assumptions regarding individuals based on characteristics of entire population. Although often regarded as a qualitative method, comparative and historical research can make use of quantitative techniques. – Archives are the most important type of comparative and historical reserach because they are well maintained by reliable organizations. However, they can by biased or partially incomplete. Ethics and Unobtrusive Research – While the use of unobtrusive research does avoid many ethical issues that are frequently present in other techniques of data collection and analysis, potential ethical risks still exist. For example, the use of diaries or private communications in content analysis give rise to questions of confidentiality. – Sometimes even unobtrusive measures can raise the possibility of violating subjects privacy. – The general principles of honest observation, analysis, and reporting apply to all research techniques. – – Traditional Approaches – To conduct field research of the past, primarily using materials such as letters, diaries, documents, oral histories, etc. (often these are case studies and are not necessarily comparative) To study different societies, using the differences and similarities to highlight macro-social theories, primarily using history books and newspapers (the facts of history themselves). Often these are studies of current history and are not necessarily truly historical. – The actual comparative study of societies and their development over long stretches of history using a variety of resources. This produces research that is both comparative and historical. – Coding: Procedure of turning raw data into a standardized form that can be interpreted by a machine and processed/analyzed. E. g. A processed scantron for an exam. Coding is the process whereby raw data are transformed into standardized form suitable for machine processing and analysis. Content analysis is essentially a coding operation. In content analysis, communications- oral, written, or other- are coded or classified according to some conceptual framework. Coding in content analysis involves the logic of conceptualization and operation, as in other research methods, you must refine your conceptual frameworks and develop specific methods for observing in relation to that framework. Latent Content: In connection with content analysis, the underlying means of communication. E. g. In a war movie, how effective the movie depicted actual combat via the flow of the movie scenes or the general reality of how well the war was captured on a subjective interpretation. Latent content is as used in connection with content analysis, the underlying meaning of communications, as distinguished from their manifest content. – Manifest Content: In connection with content analysis, the actual concrete terms within human communication. E. g. In a war movie, how many times â€Å"fire†, â€Å"shoot†, or â€Å"bomb† is said (concrete, objective terms). Coding the manifest content, the visible surface content, of a communication is analogous to using a standardize questionnaire. Manifest coding is more reliable than latent coding, but is generally less valid – Archives are the most important source for this type of research. They are maintained by governments, private foundations, and some corporations and How to cite Social Research Methods, Essay examples

Functional Proteomics

Questions: 1. Describe a proteomics experiment that you think would be interesting to perform in our weeklong practical session?2.Suggest a follow-up experiment you could do to confirm your results?3.Why should you buy a mass spectrometer for your proteomics laboratory?4.What important things you learned from your practical class?5.Explain how you would design an experiment to decide whether the new enzyme is a Histidine-specific protease? Answers: 1. The well-established method to investigate proteomics is mass spectrometry. There are also several strategies present which can conduct proteomic research. A few years ago proteomics was mainly a qualitative discipline. The proteomic experiment characteristically involved identification of proteins as many as possible in a particular protein complex, tissue lysate, organelle and cell. While obtaining the protein identities from any type of protein mixture an enzymatic digestion step is normally involved which ultimately yields a large collection of proteolytic peptides that are analyzed by shotgun proteomics. This technique can be incorporated in the proteomics experiment and it would be interesting to perform. 2. After performing 2-DE and mass spectrometry to examine differential protein expression between the two strains of Giardia with different types of virulence phenotypes, a Quantitative PCR can be performed as a follow up experiment to confirm the results. In Quantitative PCR total RNA was isolated from the batch culture of the Giardia sp. Then reverse transcription (RT) was carried out with a reaction mixture which contain 5g total RNA, 0.25mM deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), 50 nM of RT primer, 0.75 U/l reverse transcriptase enzyme, 0.05 M DTT and 0.2 U/l RNase Out. After this an incubation of the RT reaction mixture at 50C was done for 30 min, and then the reaction stopped at 70C for 15 min. 3. If I had funding to buy mass spectrometer while establishing a proteomics laboratory I will buy a mass spectrometer because mass spectrometry is an exceedingly specific and sensitive analytical technique that can be used to determine precisely the quantities and identities of the compounds that are present in the sample. In comparison to many traditional technologies mass spectrometry delivers analytical more sensitive result and is very rapid and fast less time taking process. This is the reason that mass spectrometry has a variety of application in pharmaceutical and clinical laboratories. 4. The most important thing that I have learned in my practical class is in spite of a well conserved and core sequence of the genes there still remains very significant variation in the genome of the Giardia isolates. These variations can be observed in gene content, structural chromosomal variations, gene polymorphisms, and repertoires of the surface molecule. From this practical class the annotation of the Giardia genome has become clear and improved in according to me and this practical session also enabled the identification of the functionally important variation of the Giardia genome. 5. Histidine-specific protease is an enzyme which cleaves the peptide bonds present in the proteins in which the histidine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the active cite of the protein. So to find out whether it is a worth to buy the Histidine-specific protease or not we can use it against a protein which contain the histidine amino acid. Then the enzyme will cleave the peptide bond as a result of that the N- terminus of the protein bond will react with the hydrogen of the water molecules and the C-terminus will become free which will have a huge impact over different physiological process like blood coagulation, immune response and digestion.

Three Wholesome Wishes free essay sample

If I were to be lucky enough to be granted three wishes before I die I would ask for: Everlasting peace between countries, cities , states, and tribes of the world. I would also ask for the world to remember me as me. Not of who I became. My last wish would be to have just one day with all my family, all my cousins, all my distant family, even ones who have died. Just one day with everyone I am related to. I would like everlasting peace because right now the world is full of people full of anger and hatred to one another and for once I would like it to stop. Stop and just have everyone tell each other they love their neighbors. But who am I kidding? I know the world won’t go around without likes and dislikes to one another. So why should I be complaining? I would like the world to remember me as me, because throughout the years of my life I have regretted so many things. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Wholesome Wishes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But who hasn’t? I know/known so many people I just want them to remember the best in me, to see my true colors. To see behind that Titanic loving girl, I am known to be. I just want them to see me, not just the outside shell of me most people see. My last wish is my favorite because I have always wanted to be just with my family. Just together, even those who have passed before I was born. I just want to see everyone and I want them to see me. I just want to hug everyone who has made me, me. I was thinking one night and I realized that my family has made me the person I am today. On the inside and the out. Who hasn’t wanted to see everyone who is behind them? I know for a fact I do. Even if I died the next day I would still want one day 24 hours with everyone I love, even if I know them or not. I just want to hug everyone. Some family members who have passed long before I was born, I would like to just see them and hug them. But most importantly I just want to tell them I love them. These without a doubt are what I want my three wishes to be. If I were granted three wishes I would ask for these three. Only because I know my heart and soul are in these wishes. Some may say these are impossible but they are only wishes. Arent they?