The Undeniable Reality About Film Studies Essay Topics That No One Is Sharing With You

The Undeniable Reality About Film Studies Essay Topics That No One Is Sharing With You What Film Studies Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not Once you comprehend the form of essay, it's time to choose a topic. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's vital to at all times be critically considering the world around us. There are several good persuasive essay topics to select from. There are a few great topics to think about when picking a topic for your argumentative essay. The One Thing to Do for Film Studies Essay Topics In an academic setting, but the paper ought to be formatted and organized based on the corresponding standards without the usage of informal languages like slang or jargon. Your readers want to observe the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. Writing prompts are among the best techniques to create confident writers who take pleasure in the procedure. Young writers may try simple on-line citation g enerators which are typically at no charge. If you're thinking that you require someone to compose my essay at the moment, you can just rely on our honest reviews. Bear in mind you may make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. Persuasive essay topics don't always need to be of a critical nature, you can write about things which are relevant in your life. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you wish to convey to the rest of earth. Choosing Good Film Studies Essay Topics You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. A trusted writing services business can assist you with all that. There are lots of topics accessible to help you to find film and topics on films and filmmakers. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to avoid low high quality services. When it has to do with the middle school, the argumentative essay consists of moderate topics. The legitimate leadership essay is simple to read and understand. You could be offered a list of essay prompts to select from. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. Such essays shall have a good deal of quotations, based just on facts and laws, and show no more than the actual picture of the instance. The character of essay issue selected is important in deciding upon the right approach. In addition, a thesis doesn't need to be one sentence. If you can find with additional reasons to back up your thesis, that's even better because it is going to make it less difficult to reach you page requirement. In the procedure for selecting a topic, it's also advisable to test your argument. So following is a great solution for this issue. When you choose a topic, you have to reply to the query and after that substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. So make sure you decide on a subject, which has values in it. Type of Film Studies Essay Topics The dearth of fantastic support sources will end in a decrease grade. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on unique views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a particular age. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. The main key to writing a history essay is to concentrate on a topic that interests you. If you'd like excellent paper essay examples, reach out to us here today and we're going to do our very best to supply you with the most suitable guidance. A thorough and organized system of history notes is critical for a thriving essay. You would like your paper to be noticed, meaning you don't want to select the effortless topic and have your paper reflect exactly the same thing every one's paper does. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you want. It is crucial to decide on a great topic to be able to compose a good paper. It is vital that you choose an intriguing topic because it is going to ensure it is simple for you to compose your paper. Life, Death, and Film Studies Essay Topics Like the custom of oncology nursing, it's an emotionally in addition to professionally demanding experience. To make sure you are on the most suitable way you require help in writing your paperwork. By way of example, students might write about the advantages of a vegan diet. Often college students get into a great deal of stress to get the perfect topic for the essay. An argumentative essay is a kind of academic papers that students write in the center school. Discover how studies utilize a complicated research library. Y our topic is so important because you've got to make sure it is related to the class which you're taking unless it is for English class. Research-based topics require students to assemble information till they write.

Is College Worth It Secondary Education Is What We Are

Is college worth it? Secondary education is what we are told to do. Knowledge is a valuable asset to have but we try to achieve it mostly because that is the option we decide to choose. Whether it was our own or it was influenced by family or professors. But the question I want college and incoming college students to think about is, are we really going to be out in four years, especially if we have other variables that conflict with our goal. And sadly the answer is no because there is a low amount of students who actually complete in four years the majority in five or six. So, are we really just told what we want to hear? What stood out to me in the article by Lang,K. was that one of the students who shared her story said that five is†¦show more content†¦Some are actually similar to the variables of the article â€Å"College in four years not that common anymore†. So, the first was institutional financial aid, and second was â€Å"real tuition cost†. Third is instructional expenditures per full time equivalent student, and fourth was student factuality ratio. The fifth one was the average GPA of the incoming class. For both articles money is the most important factor that determines graduation rate. â€Å"80 CCCU (Council for Christian Colleges and Universities) institutions indicated that 48.6% of the variation in four-year graduation rated could be explain by the model, after adjusting the sample size†(To Dream). It is interesting to know that this article was done to help families select what is best to achieve four year graduation. This article also separated the seventeen performance indicators that they found and split them into tree groups: faith-related,financial, and institutional. Faith related variables are curfews, chapel-attendance requirements, required religion courses, and religion affiliations. Financial factors cause stress, â€Å"Tinto(1993) notes that financial constraints influence persistence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (To Dream). Since students need money to continue education many get loans and go for grants and discounts offered. For Institutional factor it is important for faculty and students to interact and also how they spend the money students pay. â€Å"Specifically, prior studies have associated general expenditures perShow MoreRelatedIs Higher Education Necessary?1193 Words   |  5 Pagessaid that college is the next step to a bigger future after high school. So many people look forward to the fun, the new experiences, the new people, and the new life. College is sometimes a getaway for that bullied student or a safe haven for that scientific nerd, but where do these people end up after college? A college education is not a decision for everyone, as several students graduate with a huge amount of student debt and qualified job opportunities. Do they even complete it? Secondary institutionsRead MoreEssay on Value of Higher Education626 Words   |  3 Pagesidea that reading opens your mind up to new worlds. Such can be the same with a higher education. Education is a way to develop mentally and morally. Often we think about the financial benefit of a college degree. But what about things obtained that do not have a monetary value? There are things that we gain through the experience of college that otherwise, we may not. When you decide to attend college, you often have an idea of a field of study that you would like to follow. This is somethingRead MoreIs College Worth A Education?1140 Words   |  5 PagesIs college worth attending? Many graduating students are leaving college today with enormous amounts of student’s loans debt. Sometimes they do not obtain the college degree that they were going to school for. Today many induvial believe that getting a good education is the key to success in our society. There are issues that challenge the notion of higher education being worth its price. While in college, many students suffer stress from all the school work and responsibilities that is requiredRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money853 Words   |  4 PagesYork, interviewed 300 college students at random and 200 of them didn’t think that the education they were getting was worth the effort.† (Bird 220). The idea of continuing education after graduating high school ca n be very questionable for some students. Many students side with Caroline Bird and her theory that education serves very little purpose in the job market in her essay â€Å"College Is a Waste of Time and Money†. But inevitably, students believe that post-secondary education is beneficial in theirRead MoreGraduation Speech Over College Education Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen a great deal of debate over college education and it’s worth to society and the students who is currently contemplating where they should go or not. In addition, the question of cost, and just how expensive college has become over the last decade has come to attention. It is clear that Americans and important figureheads have argued over whether the benefits of attending college outweigh the benefits of just high school diploma or another type of post-secondary schooling. There are many validRead MoreValue of Education1441 Words   |  6 PagesValue of Education In his essay â€Å"Is College Worth the Money?†, Daniel S. Cheever, Jr. contends that, â€Å"The real question is whether students are getting their money’s worth† (102). He emphasizes the value of education and not only the cost. Higher education is the focus of Cheever’s essay, but I believe the same question of worth can be asked concerning elementary through high school education as well. Both public and private schools offer distinctive educational opportunities and each individualRead MoreIs Higher Education Worth The Cash?1601 Words   |  7 PagesHigher Education Worth the Cash? In Marty Nemko’s article, â€Å"We Send Too Many Students to College,† he analyzes and questions whether college is truly worth the money. Marty â€Å"holds a Ph.D. specializing in the evaluation of education from the University of California, Berkeley, and subsequently taught there† (martynemko.com) as well as published seven successful books. Two of the books he wrote were associated with college focused on interesting careers to choose, as well as an all in one college guideRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1443 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2016 Is a College Education Worth It? Is the American dream just a dream?The worth of a college education is arguably one of the most controversial topics in the country. Over the years, the American education system seems to emphasize and underline the importance of college education. The reality of the situation is that a college education can be appreciated through looking at the statistical numbers of people that have enrolled in to college education. A college education is valued becauseRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1018 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, the idea of receiving a college education has been pondered quite a bit as to whether or not it is actually worth it. According to Michelle Adam, many people â€Å"†¦today believe that getting a good education is key to success in our society, this revealed surprising issues that challenge the notion of higher education being worth its price tag† (59). Naturally, many high school graduates apply for college right before or after graduation. Others decide to go into the work force, armedRead MoreA School Program917 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional education, life will sum to disappointment. The level headed discussion about the estimation of a school instruction is heightening, with an expanding number of individuals, disappointed with their experience. In the most recent decade educational cost expenses ascended by 42% and graduates can now hope to pay upwards of $100,000 for a four-year program. On the off chance that you can t bear the cost of it you ought to apply for a few grants, alongside enhancing in secondary school day

Alternative Medicine Essay Example For Students

Alternative Medicine Essay Chiropractic is the third largest doctoral-level health profession in the UnitedStates, after medicine and dentistry. This form of health care is on the riseand there are more than forty thousand chiropractors in practice in all fiftystates, the District of Columbia, and many other nations. Chiropractic is a formof alternative medicine commonly used and accepted today. Chiropractic isspecifically defined as a therapeutic system of curing ailments and manipulationof various body parts, particularly the spinal column. Although chiropractorshave had a hard time establishing a worthy reputation, times have changed andstudies are proving the benefits of chiropractic. In order for people to receivenatural, holistic, efficient, and cost-effective treatment, people should seekdoctors of chiropractic. (Thesis: In order for) Chiropractic wasfirst started by David Daniel Palmer in 1895. Palmer began his practices inmagnetic healing in response to his never-ending thirst forknowledge in 1887 (Ch iropractic OnLine Today). When he moved to Davenport,Iowa, Palmer began chiropractic with his first adjustment on a janitor onSeptember 18, 1895. The janitor had been deaf for seventeen years after hearinga pop in his back one day. Palmer concluded that one of his vertebrae was out ofplace and so he thrusted the vertebrae back into place and themans hearing automatically improved (Chiropractic OnLine Today). This was thebirth of the chiropractic theory, which means to do by hand. Palmerbelieved that decreased nerve flow may be the cause of disease, and thatmisplaced spinal vertebrae may cause pressure on the nerves (ChiropracticOnLine Today). In conclusion, he theorized, if the spinal column was accuratelypositioned, the body would be healthy. Palmer began a chiropractic school,Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute, in 1907. His son, Bartlett Joshua,was one of the first fifteen graduated. Later in his life, Bartlett also had alarge impact on the chiropractic field when his dad ran into some legalproblems. Palmers son took over the school and helped chiropractic to gainprominence in the medical field. Following its founding, chiropractic wentdownhill and then in the 1940s began to grow again. In July 1995, the firstHistorical Centennial Celebration took place in Washington, DC with thousands ofprofessional in the field attending. (Background) Chiropractic is holistic andconcerned with a patients overall well-being. Chiropractic treatmentconsiders the whole person and gives special treatment to thephysiological and biochemical aspects including structural, spinal,musculoskeletal, neurological, vascular, nutritional, emotional, andenvironmental relationships(American Chiropractic Association). Manypeople initially think of consulting a chiropractor for back pain only, butthere are many other components of chiropractic treatment and has the ability tohelp many illnesses and problems. Because the spine is like the trunk of thebody, it can have impact on all a reas of the human structure. The many moveableparts of the spine make it a complex system. In addition to the twenty-fourvertebrae, there are joints between each vertebra. In such a system, inorder to maintain balance, each one these joints must be moving entirely andproperly (Bayuk). If just one component is out of line, the imbalancedisturbs the nervous system, called subluxation. Chiropractic helps the bodykeep control of itself through manipulation of the spinal column. While thespine helps control the muscles of the body, it also includes the bodysability to breathe properly, keep the heart beating, and other vital functions. The spine column has many nerves that control the blood flow through bloodvessels, proper digestion, and the immune system. Just because chiropractorsfocus on the spinal column, does not limit their field of treatment. Inactuality, this very fact is what allows chiropractic to help such a broad rangeof problems and conditions. For example, a 1991 study at National College ofChiropractic renders very promising news for women suffering from tortuousmenstruation. This FCER-funded study found that women who receivedchiropractic spinal manipulation reported significant reduction in back pain andmenstrual distress(Joseph, Chiropractic Works). Along with menstruation,headaches, allergies, asthma, stomach disorders, spastic colon, and arm, hand,and leg pain are treatable by chiropractors. (Evidence #1) Chiropractic, inaddition to holistic, is efficient and cost-effective. Until recently,chiropractic was ignored by most others, but new studies are confirming claimsof efficiency and cost-effec tiveness. Now chiropractic is receiving much morenotice. While research is convincing the community of the effectiveness of costand capability of treatment of the chiropractic method, thousands of people,worldwide, are finding restored mobility and alleviation from pain in theirdoctor of chiropractic. Results of a Florida study indicated chiropracticpatients experienced shorter periods of total disability, and their cost of carewas less in comparison to patients of medical doctors. Another Utah studyreported that chiropractic care was ten times less expensive than standardmedical care in compensation pay-outs ( Joseph, Chiropractic Works). Inaddition, a report in the Western Journal of Medicine found that patientsof chiropractors were three times more satisfied with their care than patientsof family practice physicians ( Joseph, Chiropractic Works). Health careoptions are becoming more diverse and it is evident that chiropractic will be achoice for many. (Evidence #2) Another benefi t of chiropractic is that it isnatural. This is one of the primary characteristics that distinguisheschiropractic doctors from medical doctors. Chiropractic does not use drugs orsurgery. The body heals and maintains itself. It is the chiropractors job tomake sure that the body is in balance and capable of doing its job on its own. .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a , .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .postImageUrl , .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a , .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a:hover , .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a:visited , .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a:active { border:0!important; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a:active , .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf11e13e5eb0137bbdae4af359281534a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Family Of Color EssayChiropractic uses a form of treatment called vertebral adjustment or spinalmanipulation. An adjustment is a procedure in which a chiropractor skillfullyapplies pressure to a region of the spine that is out of alignment. It is oftendone by hand and helps lessen pain and inflammation. Chiropractors also performsoft tissue manipulation through muscle massages and ultrasound stimulation,physical examinations, X rays, counseling on lifestyle and nutrition, andcounseling on exercises for building flexibility, strength, and overallwell-being. However, chiropractors refer patients to another health careprovider if the patients condition or disease would be better treated throughother medical approaches. In most cases, chiropractors do not treat conditionsof cancer, internal injuries, lacerations and cuts, fractures of bones andchronic ailments such as diabetes. Patients with these prognoses are referred toa medical doctor by the chiropractor. (Evidence #3) Is a chiropractorreally a doctor? Absolutely! (Joseph, Chiropractic Myth Busters). For along time, millions of Americans rejected chiropractic treatment because theywere thought to be quacks by many medical doctors. But, now that studies aresupporting chiropractic treatment, people are beginning to comprehend that thesedoctors, just like medical doctors, take a strict course of study to receive adegree of Doctor of Chiropractic. After students completing high school, atleast two years of college and four to five years of chiropractic college mustbe completed. Students take basic science courses as well as clinical sciencecourses. In addition to school, a clinical internship is requi red. Upongraduation, a chiropractor is not permitted to practice just yet. First he orshe must pass a licensing exam administered by the state or the National Boardof Chiropractic Examiners, or both. Most boards rely on a three-part examinationto test basic sciences, clinical sciences, and clinical competency. A fourthpart has newly been introduced to evaluate practical skills. Chiropractors arelicensed in all fifty states and the District of Columbia. There is no reasonone should be concerned or stressed about the credentials of a chiropractor. Toverify a doctors professional credentials, one can call the statesChiropractic Board of Examiners to validate if a particular chiropractor islicensed and up to date with continuing education conditions. A concernedpatient can also ask if there is any record of disciplinary actions. Theprerequisites to become a chiropractic doctor prepare the doctors well and areextremely difficult. It takes a well educated, hard worker, and disciplinedindi vidual to accomplish such intense requirements. Students graduated and inpractice are sufficiently trained to treat the body in a natural, holistic,efficient, and cost-effective manner. (Refutation and concluding statement)BibliographyAmerican Chiropractic Association. 1999. *http://amerchiro.org/about_chiro/benefits.htm*. Bayuk, Andrew, D.C. What is Chiropractic? 1989. *http://pages.prodigy.com/chiropractic/whatis.htm*. Chiropractic OnLine Today. Chiropractic Centennial Celebration.2000. *http://www.chiro-online.com/*. Joseph, Louis, D.C. ChiropracticWorks. November 1999. *http://www.hands-on-healing.com/chirowrk.htm*. Joseph, Louis, D.C. Chiropractic Myth Busters. November 1999. *http://www.hands-on-healing.com/chirmyth.htm*.

Sand Pebbles Essay The Movie Sand Pebbles Focus Was On The Flag. The F

Sand Pebbles essay The movie Sand Pebbles focus was on the flag. The flag was not only a symbol of a nation, but of nationalism, militarism and imperialism. During the 1800's and early 1900's there was a severe foreign influence in China. During this time period the European nations wanted to trade with the Chinese, but the Chinese had no interest in the European products for at the time China was self sufficient. The European nations in order to keep from losing all of the money to the Chinese decide that they would start an Opium trade them. Against the wishes of the China, the European nations continued to sell the Opium to the Chinese. Finally war erupted because of this. The European nations were victorious in a series of Opium Wars against China. From these Opium Wars many treaties in the favor of the west were signed which gave those European nations greater access to China. After the European nations, got their peace of China so did the United States. Soon after the United St ates defeated the Spanish in the Spanish American War, the United States received the Philippines from the Spanish. With that the United States declared the Open Door Policy, which all of the European nations accepted. Now in China it was not only the European nations, but also the Untied States. The Chinese flags were a symbol of nationalism, of their nationalism. That they were their own nation. It was a reassurance of their own nationalism. It proved to the Chinese that even though there were many countries slowly taken over China, that they were still their own nation, and they weren't going to let anymore foreign influence into China. The flags also symbolized militarism, because where ever there were two different flags in the same area conflicts arose. When these conflicts arose they often resulted in the militaries getting involved. These militaries were the foreign militaries in China and the Chinese nationalist military. All of these stemmed back the imperialism that was b rought to China. The flags also symbolized the imperialism of the foreign nations in China. Every non Chinese flag was a symbol of the imperialism in China. This imperialism stemmed back to the Opium Wars were when the treaties were made countries like Britain able to setup colonies in China. All of the flags in the movie symbolized either nationalism, militarism or imperialism in China, which was all caused by China loss of all of the Opium Wars against the European nations.

Two Bad Prefixes

Two Bad Prefixes Two Bad Prefixes Two Bad Prefixes By Maeve Maddox The English prefix caco- comes from a Latinized form of Greek kakos, â€Å"bad, evil.† The English prefix mal- derives from Latin malus, â€Å"bad, evil.† A familiar â€Å"caco† word in English is cacophony, which combines â€Å"bad† with phone, â€Å"sound.† One meaning of cacophony is â€Å"the use of harsh sounding words or phrases.† For example: â€Å"There are sounds in Gaelic which, though not guttural, are cacophony itself to English ears.† In the context of speech, the opposite of cacophony is euphony. Literally â€Å"good sound,† euphony is the quality of having a pleasant sound. Cacophony can also refer to a discordant combination of sounds produced in a musical context: â€Å"The song explodes into a grating cacophony of grimy analog synths.† Apart from speech and music, cacophony is used to refer to any unpleasant combination of noises or to a confused variety of anything. For example: [During the Nazi occupation of Paris] the cacophony of daily urban engagement - passersby, hawkers, street minstrels and performers, construction work, and especially traffic noise - was severely diminished. This [daily market] was a proper, brick, glass and wrought-iron hangar which stacked up the genuine southern France in a red-blooded cacophony of sensual abundance. Note: When the context relates to sound, the word cacophony is sufficient. Modifying the word with â€Å"of sound† in the following headline is unnecessary because the context clearly relates to musical sound: â€Å"Justin Timberlake’s New Song ‘Suit Tie’ is a Cacophony of Sound.† The main use of the prefix caco- in English is in the area of medical terminology. It’s combined with other Greek or Latin elements to create words to describe the bad state of bodily organs, for example: cacoglossia: putrid state of the tongue (glossia=tongue) cacophthalmia: malignant inflammation of the eyes (ophthalmos=eye) English words that begin with the other bad prefix- mal- (â€Å"bad, badly†)- are numerous. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, most Modern English words with this prefix are 19th century coinages. Here are just a few: maladroit: clumsy, the opposite of adroit. malapropism: the ludicrous misuse of words, especially in mistaking a word for another resembling it. The word is an eponym, derived from a character in a play. The character’s name, â€Å"Mrs. Malaprop,† is a combination of mal+appropriate. One of her lines is, â€Å"Illiterate him, I say, quite from your memory.† She’s reaching for the word obliterate. malaria: a disease spread by mosquitoes. The name originates from a belief that diseases were caused by bad air. Malaria is an Italian borrowing: mal+aria (air). malediction: a curse. Latin mal+dicere (to speak). maleficent: given to evildoing. Maleficent is the name of an evil Disney character. In the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty, Maleficent is unambiguously evil. I expect that in the new film, she’s just misunderstood. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Flier vs. FlyerList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Continue and Continue on

Continue and Continue on Continue and Continue on Continue and Continue on By Maeve Maddox Ralph Mielcarek writes: Please explain: Is the phrase CONTINUE ON - giving advice or instruction, considered redundant, or will CONTINUE suffice? The phrase continue on generally triggers a blackboard moment for me. I accept the use of the on in a statement such as Talks continue on the topic of global warming but I see no use for on for a statement such as The children may continue on with their search for leaves. The entry for continue on in Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage acknowledges ongoing objections to the phrase: A half dozen or more commentators from Ayres 1881 to Chambers 1985 have dismissed continue on as a redundancy, with the on considered (usually) superfluous. Ayres himself found the on to be euphonious in some expressions, but superfluous in others. Later commentators seem to have missed the euphony. One, however, Safire 1984, defends the expression when applied to travel. The entry concludes: If you are one of the few who use continue on, you may keep right on using it. And if you do not use it, of course, there is no reason to begin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceHyper and HypoWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

Opportunity Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Opportunity Journal - Assignment Example ne app can be very useful in reducing customer complaints because with its regularly updated information, the tourists can understand their destination well before hand and avoid being exploited by the locals. Proposed solution: Provide free smart tags such as reboundTAG services to all travelers. A smart tag or reboundTAG is a microchip tag that can be embedded in a customer’s baggage making it easily traceable. This is a very good way of tracking baggage, avoiding losses and delays, since the system notifies the passenger when their baggage is found. Since it is a third party service most passengers may not be able to access its beneficial features, however if the services are incorporated as part of the airline services this can lead to more satisfaction from customers and reduce the number of complaints. Proposed solution: Provide a cell phone signal booster for all office and home buildings. Cell phone boosters are used to amplify weak signals into strong signals that can bypass obstructions and provide the people within the area with a strong and reliable signal. If this is mandated for all residential and office buildings, it can save many people the stress of poor services as well as save carrier companies the cost of putting up more cell towers Problem: The main reason for printers being used widely in homes and offices is that as time moves on more portable and cheaper printers are being produced. However, the main problem with most printers is that their ink cartridges or toners are too expensive. The prices for a set of cartridges or toner can end up costing more than the initial price of the printer. Sometimes it becomes more difficult because each manufacturer have their own unique cartridges Proposed solution: Make it a policy for printer manufacturer companies to have standard refillable ink cartridges that can be bought and used by printer from any manufacturer. With a refillable ink, it will be cheaper for users to buy ink and refill their

A Public-Private Education Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Public-Private Education Controversy - Essay Example t the slight private school advantage discovered by Coleman vanished when differences in pupils’ course preference and family context were considered (Cookson, 1992). John Chubb and Terry Moe are the current sources of ‘impartial evidence’ of the superiority of private school. Numerous policymakers and opinion-editorial writers have reiterated their argument as dogma, and large numbers of people have been convinced of public assistance for private schools on their influence (Hakim et al., 1994). As analytical writers and peer analysts have emphasized, the study of Chubb and Moe of private and public high schools falls short in locating a private school lead when pupils’ course preferences and background attributes are examined. The failure of the investigation of Chubb and Moe to provide them substantiation for their arguments is not that unexpected. The proof they draw upon originates entirely from the ‘High School and Beyond Study’, the infor mation that also botched Coleman’s study (Hakim et al., 1994, 66). Furthermore, in spite of the many pages they used on justifying why their treatment of this information is superior over the methodologies of other researchers, Chubb and Moe disregard almost all that has been taught about how to ethically deal with significantly erroneous, otherwise insignificant, information (Cookson, 1992). Yet, they chose to work unconventionally. Some of their questionable methods are (Hakim et al., 1994, 66): (1) developing a school organization instrument consisting of a large number of factors, making it practically unattainable to isolate the impacts of any one factor; (2) merging private and exclusive private schools alongside Catholic ones in a manner that involuntarily awarded a private school lead in their study; (3) and... School choice could be an exceptional encouragement for schools to strive more to draw the attention of customers but it is no replacement for planning educational motivations where in there are incentives for enhancing academic performance and sanctions for failure. The notion of an accountability mechanism for education institutions that includes incentives and sanctions is contentious and unconventional. The notion of an accountability mechanism founded on private school choice is contentious and unconventional too, and the NAEP and other findings reveal that it would fail. It is quite evident that even though the people refuse to accept private school choice, it will not cope with the existing situation in public education. There are two possibilities: one, there will be a novel form of accountability process in education that the educator and the people can trust, or, second, some unwise accountability program that will only harm education will be enforced.

Interview Essay Essay Example for Free

Interview Essay Essay I conducted my interview with Mrs. Michelle G. Escala; a woman with simple dreams and hopes in life. I approached her with all the kindness, respect, and humility. I started my interview by introducing myself and my purpose for conducting the interview. I was quite nervous during my interview, but I was still able to deliver my prepared questions. Mrs. Escala showed kindness to me during my interview. I could sense her sincerity and confidence while answering all my questions. She is a teacher at Tarong Elementary School, who is willing to inspire pupils and students to learn and to live the value of their existence. Mrs. Escala received her Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education from Philippine Normal University, Cadiz City in 2003 and her Masteral in Elementary Education from University of Southern Philippines in 2011. She took the Licensure Examination for Teacher and she passed and now, she’s enjoying her profession. Mrs. Escala was never influenced by anyone to take up the course Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education; it’s her own choice and will. She stated that taking up BEED is the first step in preparing for this profession. She also believes that grades and extracurricular activities are important. She was a consistent honor student since her younger years, she actively participate in their school paper and other organization in their school. In addition, she said, in order for you to finish your studies and to achieve your goal, you must strive hard, manage your time wisely, love what you do, and have faith in God. After finishing her studies, before she becomes a full time teacher, she started as a substitute teacher for about half a year. She also stressed the importance of Practice teaching because it will give you experience and you can meet what is truly the work of a teacher. She also said that attending to seminars either near or far is important because through these a ctivities you can learn more and it will help you to be more professional. Mrs. Escala stressed that teaching is not that easy. You have to be as patient as you can towards your pupils. You must be patient in teaching them their lesson, especially when difficult time comes in. She stated that the most difficult part in teaching is when you know you gave your best but still pupils fail to show what is expected from them. She also said that we must also accept the fact that everybody is not equal in all aspect; we must acknowledge the weaknesses of the pupils and then teach without expecting too much. Teaching has deadlines that must be met, which creates pressure  and the feeling of constantly being rushed. She also said that you must not be absent in your class because it’s not you that will be affected, but the students. Even though there is a reason for you to be absent, she added, you must give them some assignments or activities before the day you’re not there so that their day won’t be wasted, or maybe you must make it up to them on the day that your back. But not all the times it seems to be difficult, there are times it’s easy to handle and fulfilling especially when you achieve your goals for the pupils. She said that what she is trying to achieve with her students is for them to learn, to digest what she taught in class, and hopefully they will be inspired to live with the values she is instilling in them. She also added that it is a great achievement for a teacher to see their pupils progressing physically, intellectually, socially, and financially, that’s why she is aiming to produce pupils to become functionally upright, and useful as well as productive citizen of the society. Mrs. Escala said that her work is satisfying, not in a way that she is satisfied with the food but she is satisfied with her pupils because they are pretty comical. She even added that she would choose teaching all over again, because she loves her job and this is where her heart really belongs. I feel my interview is really beneficial. I learned a lot about her, as well as some about what it is like to be a professional. It was encouraging for me to speak with someone who loves her job so much. My interview with Mrs. Escala provided me information about being a professional and how to be a responsible student and soon to be a professional like her. She also provided me with â€Å"real world† information; information about life and how to handle the difficulties and not letting those difficulties to be a hindrance in pursuing and achieving your goal. Conducting an interviews with her prove to be a great learning experience because it help me a lot and now, I have more knowledge about responsibilities, career opportunities, and what it’s like to be a professional. Even though my interview is not related to my course, it is still challenging and worth remembering. Now, I have more and better idea and understanding of how to achieve my goal, and my goal is to become a Certified Public Accountant.

Emersons self reliance :: essays research papers

R.W. Emerson’s Self-Reliance The essay has three major divisions: the importance of self-reliance (paragraphs 1-17), self-reliance and the individual (paragraphs 18-32), and self-reliance and society (paragraphs 33-50). As a whole, it promotes self-reliance as an ideal, even a virtue, and contrasts it with various modes of dependence or conformity. â€Å"Self-Reliance† Paragraphs 1-17. The Importance of Self-Reliance. Emerson begins his major work on individualism by asserting the importance of thinking for oneself rather than meekly accepting other people’s ideas. As in almost all of his work, he promotes individual experience over the knowledge gained from books: â€Å"To believe that what is true in your private heart is true for all men—that is genius.† The person who scorns personal intuition and, instead, chooses to rely on others’ opinions lacks the creative power necessary for robust, bold individualism. This absence of conviction results not in different ideas, as this person expects, but in the acceptance of the same ideas—now secondhand thoughts—that this person initially intuited. The lesson Emerson would have us learn? â€Å"Trust thyself,† a motto that ties together this first section of the essay. To rely on others’ judgments is cowardly, without inspiration or hope. A person with self-esteem, on the other hand, exhibits originality and is childlike—unspoiled by selfish needs—yet mature. It is to this adventure of self-trust that Emerson invites us: We are to be guides and adventurers, destined to participate in an act of creation modeled on the classical myth of bringing order out of chaos. Although we might question his characterizing the self-esteemed individual as childlike, Emerson maintains that children provide models of self-reliant behavior because they are too young to be cynical, hesitant, or hypocritical. He draws an analogy between boys and the idealized individual: Both are masters of self-reliance because they apply their own standards to all they see, and because their loyalties cannot be coerced. This rebellious individualism contrasts with the attitude of cautious adults, who, because they are overly concerned with reputation, approval, and the opinion of others, are always hesitant or unsure; consequently, adults have great difficulty acting spontaneously or genuinely. Emerson now focuses his attention on the importance of an individual’s resisting pressure to conform to external norms, including those of society, which conspires to defeat self-reliance in its members. The process of so-called â€Å"maturing† becomes a process of conforming that Emerson challenges. In the paragraph that begins with the characteristic aphorism â€Å"Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist,† he asserts a radical, even extreme, position on the matter.

Video Guide Questions NOVA: World in Balance “The People Paradox”

1. What will be the worldwide trend for population growth of industrialized countries of the world in the future? The world population of 7.2 billion in mid-2013 is projected to increase by almost one billion people within the next twelve years. It is projected to reach 8.1 billion in 2025, and to further increase to 9.6 billion in 2050 and 10.9 billion by 2100. This assumes a decline of fertility for countries where large families are still prevalent as well as a slight increase of fertility in several countries with fewer than two children per woman on average.2. What will be the future population growth trends for developing countries in the future? Almost all of the additional 3.7 billion people from now to 2100 will enlarge the population of developing countries, which is projected to rise from 5.9 billion in 2013 to 8.2 billion in 2050 and to 9.6 billion in 2100. Much of the overall increase between 2013 and 2050 is projected to take place in high-fertility countries, mainly in Africa, as well as countries with large populations such as India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United States of America.3. What are some of the societal/cultural reasons why Indian families often desire multiple male offspring? How do you think this influences population growth rate trends in India? Naturally society prefers the male child, as he is the ‘superior’ child. Economics plays a large part here. The son is expected to earn and ‘pay back’ by looking after the parents in old age. Usually he does. And in many parts of India the male child grows up and commands a large dowry. This influences population growth rate trends in India by having a greater male to female ratio.4. Describe India’s age structureThe age structure in India is 0 to 14 years 31.7% (male 173,869,856; female 164,003,915) 15 to 64 years 63.5% (male 349,785,804; female 326,289,402) 65 years and over 4.8% (male 25,885,725; female 25,235,905)5. How had the cultu ral practice of dowry endowment affected women’s rights and health in India? In certain communities in South Asia, the low status of girls has to be compensated for by the payment of a dowry by the parents of the girl to  the husband at the time of marriage. This has resulted in a number of dowry crimes, including mental and physical torture, starvation, rape, and even the burning alive of women by their husbands and/or in-laws in cases where dowry payments are not met.6. How have educational and vocational programs for Indian women influenced birth rate and infant mortality? How have India’s population growth trends influenced access water and food production? Several scholars have linked birthrate decline to female education. Educated women, they reason, generally prefer smaller families, allowing them to pursue their own interests while investing more resources and time in each child. As it turns out, the map of female literacy in India does exhibit striking simil arities with the map of fertility.7. Why is the â€Å"2 child rule† so important in terms of global population and its impacts? Using a 2-child rule, we will eventually, yet very slowly, reduce the population. By reducing the population we will have more access to benefits for the entire population.8. Describe some of the population growth characteristics of Japan There is a very low infant mortality rate, 2.8 in a thousand, and a relatively low birth rate as well, at 7.41 births in a thousand.However, the death rate, 9.83 deaths in a thousand, is higher than the birth rate, which means 2 more people are dying in a thousand than being born. Thousands of children are being born on a daily basis. 2.8 in a thousand and a relatively low birth rate as well, at 7.41 births in a thousand. However, the death rate, 9.83 deaths in a thousand, is higher than the birth rate, which means 2 more people are dying in a thousand than being born.9. What is a â€Å"parasite single†?  P arasite single is a single person who lives with their parents beyond their late twenties in order to enjoy a carefree and comfortable life. In Japanese culture, the term is especially used when negatively describing young unmarried women.10. How do you think the increase of education and employment opportunities for women have influenced reproductive patterns in Japan? The increase of education and employment opportunities for women has declined reproductive patterns in Japan. There is very low infant mortality rate, which may have  occurred as a result of the increase and education and employment opportunities in Japan.11. How has the relative proportion of older Japanese changed over the last 20 years? What implications might that have for elderly people in Japan?12. Describe the immigration and employment trends for the U.S. and Japan.13. Describe the birth rate of sub- Saharan Africa, and some of its implications.14. Describe how death rates and life expectancy has changed in Kenya over the last decade in particular.15. How does the use of birth control compare in the developed vs. developing countries? How would this affect HIV transmission?16. What is the concept of demographic transition?17. Given that we live in a an affluent country, do you think we have an ethical responsibility to help fund programs that will stabilize population growth in developing countries, and encourage sustainability of species and resources globally? Why or why not?

Hard Work Is the Key to Success

I am writing this content only those who are fresh graduate and wondering full time or part time work. First of all, I say that graduation is not top part where you have reached. It is just first step. You should study post-graduation. If you do not do it regularly, you should study it through correspondence. Master degree is must before wondering full time work because next two years will give you more learning skills.Now, when you go for wondering work, you should remember that your hard work is the key of your success. No work is bad. There may be more quality in small work. Education increases our power to give better service. So, you can do your work from any small service. It may be the duty of salesman. It may be the duty supervisor or tutor. You do that duty with full of hard work. Sweat from your body is the sign that success is very near to you. It may be possible that your family's financial condition is not good.I ask one question from you whether only to say this to othe r is sufficient. No, never! Nobody will give you any financial help. Nobody will give you money. Yes you can do labor. Yes you can sell the small products. Yes, you can do duty and earn money. This earned money can only support your family. This earned money can power to your family. Why are you wasting time just telling your weak family condition. Use same time to get new idea for hard work.

Free Essays on Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable tourism is very important for the advancement and the current and future welfare of our environment. This is an important issue facing our society and must be dealt with in order for our environment to survive. Sustainability, as a model for development, establishes the need to satisfy the requirements of today's society without making it impossible for future generations to satisfy their own. Basically, this means that the development of a country cannot be achieved by the unrestrained exploitation of its resources (natural, cultural, social, etc.) to the point of extinguishing or destroying them, seeking to fulfill the needs of the present population (food, housing, health, work, etc.), without recognizing that these resources are the only platform, or potential asset, that the future generations of this country will have to meet their own needs. For tourism, sustainability is not only a response to the demand factors of the industry, it is a n indispensable condition to be able to complete successfully and, even more important, to be able to survive over the long run. The ever-deteriorating world ecological and social crisis have had a significant impact on human consciousness and, therefore, have also seriously impacted the accelerated growth rate that environmental tourism experienced in the past decade, to the point that it has meant a significant change in the habits and expectations of the world's tourists. Unfortunately, in the last decade we paid most of our attention to the ecological aspects, but very little to the implications of the impact that tourism has on the quality of life and on the sociological heritage of the communities that are directly affected by this industry. It is time to change the tourism tide to a more integral one, namely, a sustainable tourism. As we look at these changes in the expectations of the tourists, we notice how each day they are demanding a more ac... Free Essays on Sustainable Tourism Free Essays on Sustainable Tourism Sustainable tourism is very important for the advancement and the current and future welfare of our environment. This is an important issue facing our society and must be dealt with in order for our environment to survive. Sustainability, as a model for development, establishes the need to satisfy the requirements of today's society without making it impossible for future generations to satisfy their own. Basically, this means that the development of a country cannot be achieved by the unrestrained exploitation of its resources (natural, cultural, social, etc.) to the point of extinguishing or destroying them, seeking to fulfill the needs of the present population (food, housing, health, work, etc.), without recognizing that these resources are the only platform, or potential asset, that the future generations of this country will have to meet their own needs. For tourism, sustainability is not only a response to the demand factors of the industry, it is a n indispensable condition to be able to complete successfully and, even more important, to be able to survive over the long run. The ever-deteriorating world ecological and social crisis have had a significant impact on human consciousness and, therefore, have also seriously impacted the accelerated growth rate that environmental tourism experienced in the past decade, to the point that it has meant a significant change in the habits and expectations of the world's tourists. Unfortunately, in the last decade we paid most of our attention to the ecological aspects, but very little to the implications of the impact that tourism has on the quality of life and on the sociological heritage of the communities that are directly affected by this industry. It is time to change the tourism tide to a more integral one, namely, a sustainable tourism. As we look at these changes in the expectations of the tourists, we notice how each day they are demanding a more ac...

Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness

Cerca and Other Related Spanish Words Indicating Closeness The words and phrase cerca, cercano and cerca de are very commonly used in Spanish to indicate proximity or closeness in location, time, number or degree. Most common is cerca de, which is used as a preposition. Common translations include by, near, about and close to: Cerca de 12 millones de personas sern vacunadas contra la fiebre amarilla. About 12 million people will be vaccinated against yellow fever. Hay muchos hoteles cerca de Disney World. There are many hotels by Disney World. Quiero estar cerca de ti siempre. I want to always be close to you. Los activistas dicen que Cataluà ±a est cerca de la abolicià ³n de la tauromaquia. The activists say Catalonia is close to bringing an end to bullfighting. Despliega Colombia 22 batallones cerca del là ­mite con Venezuela. Colombia is deploying 22 battalions near the border with Venezuela. Hay una buena probabilidad de que veamos una estabilizacià ³n de los precios cerca de febrero o marzo, dijo el presidente. Theres a good chance well see a stabilization of prices around February or March, the president said. Cerca by itself functions as an adverb: El fin del mundo est cerca. The end of the world is near. Hay cuatro tranvà ­as que pasan cerca. There are four streetcars that pass nearby. Tan cerca y a la misma vez tan lejos. So close, and yet so far away. El asteroide pasar tan cerca que podremos verlo. The asteroid will pass so close well be able to see it. El triunfo est cerca. Victory is near. The adjective form is cercano: Tenemos una casa cercana al aeropuerto. We have a house near the airport. Descubre tus cinco amigos ms cercanos en Facebook. Find your five closest friends on Facebook. El futuro (aà ºn no cercano) est en la computacià ³n molecular. The future (but not the near future) is in molecular computing. A few related words have other meanings: The verb cercar typically means to surround or to enclose: Los estudiantes cercaron las oficinas. The students surrounded the offices.The noun la cerca typically refers to a fence or wall. El concepto de la cerca electrificada fue descrita por primera vez por Mark Twain. The concept of an electric fence was described for the first time by Mark Twain.The phrase acerca de usually means about in the sense of concerning: Hablaban acerca de nosotros. They were talking about us.

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final exam - Essay Example The chain can be single layered Advantages of inter-organisational system in supply chain management For this kind of system the advantages are many. Like in the case of electronic data interchange (EDI) system. Each and every department of the system comes to know about the development Challenges of inter-organisational system in supply chain management Managing different motives and interests: If the objectives of the links of the chains are different from each other, then it becomes difficult to co-ordinate the process. If the objective of one organisation is to cost minimisation and play in volume and the other one’s policy is no compromise with quality and serving the niche market. Then it becomes complicated. Difficulty due to geographic differences: If the links of the chain are scattered across the globe the logistics becomes tough. There are cases where one component of raw material is ready and another component is not then the work gets stalled Answer-2 Digital econ omy is economy driven by digital technologies. It is basically Internet economy or ecommerce. In this system, internet or online channels are being used to do business and getting payment. Different kind of transactions takes place. It can be Business to Consumer (B2C), Business to Business (B2B) or Government to Consumer (G2C). Online retail businesses are the examples of B2C model. Organizations like e-Bay or Amazon .com are following the model. Here retail consumers buy goods and services online and make the payment too in online through cards or bank transfer. In the case of B2B the transaction takes place between two business entities. Metal junction is the example of it. When a sovereign makes payment may be salary, pension or other to the consumers directly, that comes under G2C. Due to many reasons the growth of digital economy is taking place. 1990 onwards companies shifted to e commerce Multi-channel: To develop the business, organization wants to tap maximum possible chan nels. Apart from conventional ways of doing business, they are trying a new avenue. Low cost virtual market: Online market is not the actual market rather a virtual market. It is being loved by the younger generation. As it does not require maintaining the establishment or infrastructure of the shop or the market it requires less cost compared to actual physical market. Accuracy and Quick Response: In the online business intermediaries have a role to play. Neither business owner nor end buyers like to go through intermediaries. As direct communication is taking place, accuracy and quick response is ensured. That saves cost from both ends. Online Banking and International and Multiple-Currency Banking: Online banking has revolutionised the system of online transaction. When the system came where international multiple currency transaction took place it became the whole process further easier. Debit card and credit card have become part regular life. Even today no good organisation is there who does not have a digital wing. For some it is an online selling unit or for some it is only a website .However, Digital economy is the future of the world. As the number of internet user is increasing day by day it is expected that the online business will surpass the physical business volume soon. Answer -3 Client department is one of the most vital departments among organizations. Hardly any organization can survive without servicing their clients. Business always runs with the help of repeat customer.

Controversy Analysis and Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Controversy Analysis and Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Thus, Geber states that â€Å"While the pioneers of these movements, though passionate for changes in what seemed like a redundant and hypocritical society, worked hard to bring about radical changes in cultures and religions the world over, proponents of the legalization feel that they are indeed the messiah to the Arizona population†. In this statement, figurative language is used as it combines both assonance and alliteration to express the thoughts of theses first campaigners of the legalization of Marijuana.  So, who quantifies or qualifies legalization or prohibition? The controversy is pretentious and shows a society that is not yet ready for a change. Thus, Geber states that â€Å"While the pioneers of these movements, though passionate for changes in what seemed like a redundant and hypocritical society, worked hard to bring about radical changes in cultures and religions the world over, proponents of the legalization feel that they are indeed the messiah to the Ar izona population†. In this statement, figurative language is used as it combines both assonance and alliteration to express the thoughts of theses first campaigners of the legalization of Marijuana.   Some people are of a different opinion. â€Å"For what seems to be strong political reasons, this will indeed not seem like a smart decision as it will pass for reckless policy bred out of ignorance and the indifference to the detrimental and profound effects it has on the youth and the general public safety†.

Children with HIV in the United States Research Paper

Children with HIV in the United States - Research Paper Example The advanced HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection in a human body makes the body susceptible to opportunistic infections which threaten life. That condition of a body diagnosed is the decease of AIDS which stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome. Looking back to the history of AIDS we can see that it entered to the United States in about 1969, through a virus infected immigrant from Haiti. In the early 1980s, doctors realized a new cancer found in men who had sex with men and it was called 'gay cancer' colloquially. Later on the medical community got evidences of the decease spreading among men, women and even in the new born babies. In 1982 the Centre for Decease Control and Prevention (CDC) renamed the decease as AIDS. As per the UNAIDS Statistics as of 2005, the total number of HIV affected people living in the US is 1,200,000. A dangerous fact being that nearly 21% of the affected people are unaware of their infection. The CDC estimates the total number of deaths of persons with AIDS in the United States of America ever since it began is more than 583,000 which includes 4891 children under the age 13. It is shocking to see that nearly 56300 Americans gets infected with HIV every year. African Americans make up nearly 50 % of the total HIV affected population in US also they make more than 50 % of new HIV infected population every year. A According to the latest available data from CDC, HIV infection is the seventh important reason for child death under 14 years of age, in the United States. . It is apparent that HIV and AIDS is not just a health related issue, it is a complex issue having social, economic, cultural and regional dimensions. The United States which is composed of states and other political subunits has different political, economic and welfare policies which reflects in the dealing of HIV and AIDS also. The communities which are smaller in the sub national jurisdictions are not uniform in their cultural and social behavior. So the spread, the impact and the responses to the impacts have different dimensions. When the statistics show that there are over 1 million infected people in US, the number is corresponding to that much or more lives in US suffering the blame, grief and depression due to the HIV. The effect of infection in an individual may not bring an immediate change in the society and the nati on as in his family, but an accumulation of many such cases slowly affect the society and the nation. It is a shocking fact the number of children who had lived HIV infected since 2007 from the start of this epidemic is nearly 3.8 million. As quoted by the website JAMA 'Approximately 14920 HIV-infected infants were born in the United States between 1978 and 1993. Approximately 6530 HIV-infected women gave birth in the United States in 1993; an estimated 1630 of their infants were HIV infected.' In 2007 the HIV affected children living in US is nearly 4000. According to CDC statistics as per 1998 top rates of children infected with HIV among the US cities were New York City, Miami, Florida, Newark and New Jersey. As per the statistics available with the website of UNICEF, 'In 2008, 730,000 childrenunder 15 years of age were estimated to be living with HIV and in need of treatment; 38per cent were receiving treatment'. 132 million children in the developing world have lost one or both parents. 25 million children will be

Organisational structures and cultures

Organisational structures and cultures Introduction Case study: This case study is about Mr Smiths restaurant. Mr Smith is a foreigner who has lived in the UK for many years. His family in Africa operates a chain of restaurants across the continent and he is therefore familiar with this kind of business. At present the Smith Restaurant has a central location in London, close to many attractions and is easily accessible by public transport. His restaurant is a small family business he is the founder, owner and also the Managing Director. Although he has two Assistant Managers and three Supervisors, he has a direct control over management and operational issues such as hiring of staff, marketing, sales promotion, accounting and finance department. The restaurant has fifty employees mostly made up of international students who work part time. These students are attracted by the flexible working conditions that Mr Smith offers. This allows them to work part time during term time and full time during vacation. Recently the restaurant has seen a big increase in its customers due to the popularity of its European and International cuisines. These factors have convinced Mr Smith of the wisdom of opening similar restaurants throughout the UK. Mr Smith is the one who makes all decisions and he has a direct control over management and other operational issues. The current issue at the restaurant is that Mr Smith is reluctant to recruit new staff and to cope with the increased activity in the restaurant he has reduced staff lunch time. Some staff felt that these changes should not have been introduced without their consent. When one employee complained about the situation, he was sacked. The rest of the employees are unhappy but they are afraid to voice their concerns for fear of loosing their jobs. According to Mr Smith, he pays his employees very well and therefore they will be happy with his decisions; his decisions are not for debate; managers should make the decisions and subordinates must obey. He does not believe in consulting staff when he has to make important decisions. As a result, a feeling of helplessness, alienation, and fear have developed amongst staff. The recent changes in employees working conditions have increased the levels of absenteeism and lateness. Mr Smith is now very concerned that if such trends continue, the restaurant may not be able to cope with the increased customer demand. Being one of the longest serving employees, Mr Smith asked me to consider the above issues and advise him in light of the expansion and recent developments of the business. My task is to advise him on the followings within the chain of new restaurants. Organisational structures and cultures; Approaches to management and leadership styles; Motivational theories and their application; Group behaviour, teamwork and technology TASK 1: Organisational structures and cultures within the UK restaurants Organisational structure creates a framework of order and command through which the activities of the organisation can be planned, organised, controlled, and directed towards the goals and objectives of the organisation. The structure defines tasks and responsibilities, roles, relationships and communication. Within the UK, most restaurants have entrepreneurial, functional and geographical structures. Entrepreneurial Structure: This structure is appropriate for small owner managed companies, for examples: a small restaurant, a small-scale industrial unit, or a small proprietary concern. Functional Structure: This is the most commonly used basis for grouping activities according to specialisation that is organising the business according to what each department does. Specialised skills and delegation of authority to managers are needed to look after different functional areas. Geographical structure: Activities are grouped according to location. Different services are provided by geographical boundaries according to particular needs and demands, the convenience of consumers, or for ease of administration. Advantages and disadvantages of organisational structures The UK restaurants may have hierarchical, tall or flat structure Hierarchical structure: Refers to †¢ Authority: the right to exercise powers such as hiring and firing or buying and selling on behalf of the organisation †¢ Responsibility: the allocation of tasks to individuals and groups within the organisation †¢ Accountability: the need for individuals to explain and justify any failure to fulfil their responsibilities to their superiors in the hierarchy Tall and flat hierarchical structures: In the tall structure there are narrower spans of control and more levels of command that is many managerial levels and fewer staff. In the flat structure there are broader spans of control and few levels of command that is few managerial levels and many staff. For example, the McDonalds restaurants all have a flat structure. The manager in each place of business controls the other assistants and employees. He takes all the decisions and he is in charge of the main functions like, R D, marketing, finance and human resources and the other staff do the selling. Advantages of tall and flat structures Organisational cultures Charles Handy defined it as: The way things are done around here Every business is made up of different cultures, and the cultures that are present within the business depend on the management styles and organisational structures that are used. Handys four types of cultures are: Power culture: Best suited for small entrepreneurial organisations and relies on trust, empathy and personal communication for its effectiveness. Role culture: Emphasizes on power and position within the organisation. This type of culture applies when organisations are big and inflexible. Task culture: Job-oriented or project-oriented. This works well in a matrix organisation structure. Person culture: Works around educated individuals. Examples are groups of barristers, architects, doctors or consultants. Looking at Handys four main types of organisation cultures it can be seen that most of the UK restaurants adopt the power culture. Organisational structure and culture of Mr Smiths restaurant After analysing Mr Smiths case study and the latest issues, it is clear that his restaurant is adopting an entrepreneurial and hierarchical structure, and a power culture since it is a family owned business where there is excessive reliance is on the owner-manager; Mr Smith has authority, responsibility and accountability within the organisation. The distribution of tasks, the definition of authority and responsibility, and the relationship between members of the organisation are established on a personal and informal basis. Therefore I am convinced that the management style, organisational structure and culture are influencing employees behaviour within organisation. However, with Mr Smiths plan to expand and develop new restaurants across the UK, there is need for a formal organisational structure and culture, which has to be carefully designed, so as to avoid conflict and encourage the willing participation of staff for effective organisational performance. I believe that Mr Smith business should have a flat structured along functional lines with major areas including, Sales and Marketing, Human Resources, Accounting and Finance, and Purchasing Departments. With a flat structure the business will have: †¢ A wide span of control encouraging delegation and motivation through job enrichment. †¢ Lower management overhead costs. †¢ Better communications as horizontal and lateral communication is encouraged. †¢ Real and meaningful promotions. †¢ Closer contact between top management and lower levels Factors that may influence individual behaviour of Mr Smiths employees The individual: The individual is a central feature of organisational behaviour. When the needs of the individual and the demands of the organisation are incompatible, this can result in frustration and conflict. Then it the work of the management to integrate the individual and the organisation and to provide a working environment where individuals needs is satisfied as well as organisation goals are achieved. The group: Group exists in all organisations and are essential to their working and performance. People in groups influence each other in many ways and groups may develop their own hierarchies and leaders. Group pressures can have a major influence over the behaviour and performance of individual members. The organisation: Individual behaviour is affected by patterns of organisation structure, technology, styles of leadership and systems of management through which organisational processors are planned, directed and controlled. Therefore, the focus of attention is on the impact of organisation structure and design, and patterns of management, on the behaviour of people within the organisation. TASK 2: How organisational theory underpins principles and practices of management, how this would impact on the new restaurants? The study of management theory (also termed management thinking) and its application in organisations brings changes in behaviour. It helps to understand the principles underlying the process on management. It helps to understand the interrelationship between management theory, principles and practices of management, and behaviour in organisations. Managers learned about how they should behave. This will influence their attitudes towards management practice. The different approaches to management theory are: Classical approach; scientific management; Bureaucracy; Human relations approach; Systems approach; and Contingency approach. These various approaches underpin the common principles of management that organisations should practice in their business, which mean they are based on views of organisations, their purpose and responsibilities, structure, division of work, hierarchy of management, technical requirements, rules and regulations and behaviour. Fayol 14 Principles of Management: 1. Division of work: Specialisation increases output as employees become more efficient. 2. Authority: Gives managers the right to give orders. 3. Discipline: Employees must conform to respect the rules that govern the organisation and the use of penalties for breaking the rules. 4. Unity of command: Only one superior should give orders to employees. 5. Unity of direction: Organisational activities having the similar objective should be directed by one manager using one plan. 6. Subordination of individual interests to general interest: The organisation interest should dominate employees or group interests. 7. Remuneration: A fair wage for workers and their services. 8. Centralisation: The degree to which subordinates participate in decision-making. 9. Scalar chain: Communications should follow this chain. 10. Order. People and materials should be in the right place at the right time. 11. Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates. 12. Stability of tenure. High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies. 13. Initiative. Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort. 14. Esprit de corps. Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organisation. Suggestion: Mr Smith should follow these principles of management. Managers will have to perform these five functions (by H Fayol): Plan and forecast; organise; command; coordinate; and control. The different approaches to management theory Classical approach: †¢ Emphasis on purpose; †¢ Formal structure; †¢ Division of work; †¢ Hierarchy of management; †¢ Technical requirements; †¢ Common principles of organisation. Scientific management and Bureaucracy are the two sub-grouping of the classical approach. Scientific management F .W Taylor (1911): †¢ Scientific selection and training of workers; †¢ Development of a true science for each element of an individuals work; †¢ Co-operation with the employees to ensure work is done as set; †¢ Division of work and responsibility between management and the employees; †¢ Improve production efficiency through work studies, tools, economic incentives. Bureaucracy Max Weber (1947): †¢ Formal hierarchical structure; †¢ Organisation by functional specialty; †¢ Rules and regulation; †¢ Impersonality; †¢ Employment based on technical qualifications. Human relations approach: †¢ Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies (1933) discovered that the informal organisation, social norms, acceptance, and sentiments of the group determined individual work behaviour. †¢ Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg, and many others stressed the importance of social relations in organisations, understanding workers and managers as human beings with social and emotional needs. Systems approach: Organisations are open systems that constantly interact with the external environment: Inputs (resources and information) transformation process outputs (products, services, information) feedback Contingency approach: Contingency theory does not identify or recommend any particular approach to organisation and management. Appropriate management approach depends on situational factors faced by an organisation. Suggestion: After comparing the above managerial approaches I believe that the classical approach will best suit Mr Smith restaurants. The classical approach centres on understanding the purpose of an organisation and then examining its structure. They play emphasis on the planning of work, technical requirements, principal of management and behaviour. Attention is given to the division of work, duties, responsibilities, maintaining specialisation and co-ordination, hierarchy of management and formal organisational relationships. TASK 3: Different leadership styles and their effectiveness Definition: Leadership in an organisation is to lead employees to work in a given direction to achieve its goals and objectives. The three styles of leadership are: Autocratic leadership: All authority is centred on the leader and decisions are enforced by means of rewards and the fear of punishment. Communication is one-way, from the leader to the followers. Advantage: Quick decision-making. Disadvantage: Its effect upon group morale; creates conflict. Democratic leadership: In contrast, democratic takes into account the suggestions of the members and of the leader. It is a human relations approach, in which all members of the group can participate and contribute to improve the quality of the final decision. Advantages: Increased morale and support for better decisions through shared ideas among group members. Disadvantages: Slower decision-making and diluted accountability for decisions. Laissez-faire leadership: The leader exercises very little control over group members. A member is given a goal and mostly left alone to decide how to achieve it. The leader functions mainly as a group member, providing only as much advice and direction as is requested. Advantage: Opportunity for individual development offered to group members. All persons are given the chance to express themselves and to function relatively independently. Disadvantage: Lack of group cohesion and unity toward organisational objectives. Without a leader, the group may have little direction and lack of control. The result can be inefficiency or even worse, chaos. Suggestion: Mr Smith is applying an authoritative leadership in his first restaurant because his business is small. But now that he wants to expand his business he has to adopt a different style of leadership. I would suggest that he has to adopt the democratic leadership within his new restaurant. This is because the democratic style is a human relation approach in which all staff participates and contributes in the decision-making. This will prevent conflict between staff. Different motivational theories and their application Definition: Motivation can be described as the direction and persistence of action. It is concerned with why people choose a particular course of action in preference to others. The purpose of motivational theories is to predict behaviour. The difference theories of motivation are: The hierarchy of needs are shown as a series of steps in the form of a pyramid; it implies a thinning out needs as people progress up the hierarchy. Based on Maslows theory, once the lower-level needs have been satisfied (physiological and safety needs) people advanced up the hierarchy. Therefore to provide motivation for a change in behaviour, the manager must direct attention to the next level of needs (love or social needs) that seek satisfaction. McGregor Theory X Y Theory X assumptions: People inherently dislike work. People must be supervised to do work to achieve objectives. People prefer to be directed. Theory Y assumptions: -People view work as being as natural as play and rest. -People will exercise self-direction and self-control towards achieving objectives they are committed to. -People learn to accept and seek responsibility. Herzbergs Two-factor theory McClelland theory: Need for achievement: Personal responsibility Feedback Moderate risk Need for power: Influence Competitive Need for affiliation: Acceptance and friendship Cooperative Suggestion: Mr Smith does not delegate; does not give employees responsibilities; employees are not considered part of the group; they feel insecure in the employment; they cannot voice their opinions; he imposes his rules and regulations on employees. In addition he has reduced employees lunch-time. Here Mr Smith is using McGregors Theory X; employees are unhappy and de-motivated to work as their lunch-time has been reduced but their wages have not increased. Therefore, since he wants to expand his business throughout UK, I will recommend the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory to Mr Smith. Managers will have to provide motivation for a change in behaviour by satisfying the lower-level needs so that the employees basic salary, safe working conditions (need to stay alive, have food, shelter) and job security, fringe benefits, protection against unemployment, illness are satisfied. This will encourage the willing participation of employees for effective organisational performance. The relationship between motivational theory and the practice of management The purpose of motivational theories is to predict behaviour; and behaviour of people in organisations depends on practices of management. If managers practise Fayols 14 principles of management, then employees at all levels are motivated to work. People generally respond in the manner in which they are treated. Therefore, to control human behaviour a heavy responsibility is placed on managers and the activity of management, where attention must also be given to appropriate systems of motivation, job satisfaction and rewards. Accordingly, Mr Smith must understand how good management practices will motivate staff to work. Managers should plan and forecast, organise, command, coordinate, and control appropriately in an attempt to satisfy employees needs so that they are motivated to work. This will create an organisational climate in which employees can work willingly and effectively to achieve the goals of the organisation. Managers should get the best performance from employees to attract more customers. Managers should apply this policy: The needs, wants and rights of employees to be treated fairly and with dignity. TASK 4: Nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations A group comprises two or more individuals who interact in the collective pursuit of a common goal. They share values and goals, are involved in regular activities together, and identify themselves as members of the group and are identified as such by others. (From lecture notes AJ). Another useful way of defining group is a collection of people who share most, if not all, of the following characteristics: A definable membership; Group consciousness; A sense of shared purpose; Interdependence; Interaction; Ability to act in a unitary manner. Formal groups (official groups): Created to carry out specific tasks set up by the organisation to complete assigned tasks. Formal groups may be divided into two categories: 1. Functional groups: Consist of varying size of work units, with a manager and subordinates who are responsible for a range of duties and functions within the organisation, for example: the finance department, the salaries section and the revenues section. 2. Task groups: Created for the dispatch of specific business or operations, such as a project team, management team or co-ordinating committee. Informal groups (unofficial groups): Created by the individual members for the purpose of sharing a common interest. Importance of informal groups: The spread of information through informal networks the grapevine is often much faster and more influential than through formal groups. There is the potential for conflict between roles held in formal and informal groups particularly in respect of leadership, where the informal leader may not be the same person as the formal leader. Two informal groups: 1. Interest groups: develop around the shared pursuit of a specific goal by certain employees, which may or may not be related to the organisation. 2. Friendship groups: Individuals joining together for various social activities The factors influencing Group Behaviour: Cole (1996) Size of the group Leadership and management style Group cohesiveness Motivation of group members Norms of groups Group/team roles The work environment The group task Factors leading to effective teamwork within the new business Peters and Waterman defines five factors for effective teamwork: 1. The numbers should be small: each member will then represent the interest of his or her department. 2. The team should be of limited duration: Exist only to resolve a particular task. 3. Membership should be voluntary. 4. Communication should be informal and unstructured. 5. It should be action-oriented. The team should finish with a plan for action. The influences that threaten success of teamwork The team does not work around the unreliable people. A smaller group of people does most of the work and a larger group pretends to help. Sometimes team members do not work well together and may work against each other. This may result dysfunctional teams, caused by: Lack of trust is the most common problem afflicting teams; Lack of team cohesiveness Lack of a clearly defined purpose Impact of technology on team functioning Technology: Technologies such as e-mail, mobile phones, blackberry, groupware and computers can improve and in some cases delay team functioning. To be able to function effectively, teams must be kept up-to-date with knowledge as technology changes. Communication: Successful teams communicate successfully by email, mobile phone, phone technologies such as blackberry and 3G data cards and 3GB USB dongles, groupware and personal computers. Change: Successful teams can successfully bring-up change. Teams will become less effective and efficient if they do not respond to changing internal and external factors. In contrast, responsive teams are more effective, efficient and, are able to rise to the challenges of the modern business world. Networks and virtual teams: In the modern connected world, it is easier for teams to communicate and network. It is possible to create virtual teams which never (or rarely) meet in physical locations and use a range of web tools to communicate and collaborate. Global and cross-cultural teams Task 5: Strategies for the restaurants stakeholders needs Employees: †¢ Mr has to adopt HR practices to ensure that the organisation is able to achieve success through people. †¢ Staffing the organisation: Sufficient numbers of the right people in the right place, at the right time, and at the right cost for the organisation. †¢ Reward and recognition: Creating structures that maximise recruitment, retention and motivation; obtaining the best performance from the people available. †¢ Performance improvement throughout the organisation, for individual, team and organisational effectiveness †¢ Managing behaviour ensuring that individuals are encouraged to behave in a way that allows and fosters better working relationships. Customers: Mr Smith and his area managers should monitor the changing requirements and expectations of its customers, and the quality of service they require. Conclusion and recommendations With Mr Smiths plan to expand and develop new restaurants across the UK, there is need for a formal organisational structure and culture, which has to be carefully designed to encourage the willing participation of staff for effective organisational performance. Mr Smith should follow the principles of management managers will have to perform these five functions (by H Fayol); plan and forecast; organise; command; coordinate; and control. The classical approach will suit his business as it plays emphasis on the planning of work, technical requirements, principle of management and behaviour. Alongside he has to adopt the democratic leadership in which all members of the group can participate and contribute to improve the quality of the final decision. Area managers will have to provide motivation for a change in behaviour by satisfying the employees needs through rewards. Reference Websites: 1. http://ezinearticles.com/?id=1269812 2. http://choo.fis.utoronto.ca/FIS/courses/LIS1230/LIS1230sharma/history6.htm (Maslows hierarchy of needs) 3. http://www.hnc-business.co.uk/unit3.html Module Tutor Lecture notes and emails: Dhlamini S., 2009. Organisations and Behaviour (unit 3) H1, HND in Business. London: Guildhall College Bibliography Book: Mullins L J ., 2000. Essentials of Organisational Behaviour. Essex: FT/Prentice Hall

Essay on Internet Privacy :: Free Essays Online

Internet Privacy This world today seems to have no privacy on the Internet, despite the Governments effort to help the consumer regain their privacy. In 1997 the government passed the Consumer Internet Privacy Protection Act. Through this bill, the consumer has the right to all information that an Internet company has on them. The Internet Company cannot sell the information of that consumer without that consumer's written consent. The bill sounds really good doesn't it? If the bill is so great, how is it that our private information is still getting out there? Well, let's take a closer look. According to an article that I found through Yahoo!, companies are using the consumer's information as a company asset just in case the company was to go bankrupt. In the article it talks of how Amazon.com has reviewed it privacy policies and has decided to just get ready to sell anything they have on a consumer, such as; "names, shipping and billing addresses, credit card numbers, e-mail addresses, employers, gift wish lists, Social Secur i ty Numbers..." and so on and so forth. Isn't that scary, one day, a company is doing fine, getting all the information that they can on a person and saying that all information is secured, then the next day, they are going bankrupt and selling the informa t ion to whoever has the largest bid. Who would've thought that when you went to buy that thing you really wanted off the Internet, your information was being stored so it could be sold? How thoughtless of them. For me, I don't give out any information besi des my name, and who knows who has tha t. You may ask yourself, where does the Internet Privacy Act of 1997 play in this? I am wondering the same thing. Well, it obviously doesn't play a large role; Amozon.com has stopped letting their customers decline the option of letting their information be sold. Where is the government? Why aren't they stepping up? I thought that the reasoning behind this entire act was to protect consumers, I don't see any protection at all. There was a statement in the article that was previously mentioned that just took me by surprise. Patty Smith made it in regard to customer information, she said: ``We treat customer data with great care and consideration,'' she said, ``and we will continue to do so going forward.

Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches Essay

Qualitative Research Design Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualitative research design is an approach used in research by researchers and scientists to study the behaviour and habits of human beings in the society. According to Flick, (2009 p. 17) the research design is used in various fields such as health, social sciences, business and other social sciences to study different behaviours. In health, qualitative research may be used to study issues on health awareness, availability of health facility, and access to primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare services. The data obtained is then used as the basis for health improvement recommendations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consequently, the qualitative research design can be applied in business to study the problems affecting business and how solutions can be modelled to improve performance of the industry. According to Saunders et al., (2012 p. 6) business research is a systematic research aimed at studying problems and solutions to business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the fact that business is a wide field, the design is also adapted in specific disciplines of business such as product design, marketing, advertisement, human resource, and studying new business opportunities. For example, in product design, the designers may want to obtain data about the existing products based on consumers’ feedback and use the information to improve or design new product using interviews, focus groups or ethnographic studies. Similarly, the same approach can be used in market research to establish the demand of certain products and the product penetration in the market. The researcher prepares questions to be used in either interviews or focus group. The information obtained from the interviews is then analysed to understand the demand of a given product in the market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example of qualitative research for product designer may include: product designers may want to study the gap in the market for a certain product for them to introduce new product that meet consumers’ tastes and preference. The designer may opt to interview several people in the targeted area and ask questions that may give information about the gap in the existing products. For example, they may obtain information about a detergent that does not work effectively to remove stains and thus design a new product that would meet consumers taste and preferences. Hence, qualitative research design forms the most efficient tool to obtain the data required to make the decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The design is also used as a lead for quantitative design. The viability of hypothesis is tested through the qualitative design and then proved using the quantitative design through mathematical analysis. Hence, the design is very important for preliminary studies where the researcher may want to gather information about the topic before embarking on detailed quantitative research.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Siegel & Olshansky, (2012 p. 53) there are several approaches used to obtain the data in qualitative design, which include: Interviews Focus groups Ethnographic research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interviews and the focus groups will be studied in details in the rest of the paper through critical evaluation and analysis to understand the application and how their cons can be improved in order to improve qualitative research design. Interviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interviews involve questions and answer session between the researcher and the participants (DiCicco†Bloom, & Crabtree, 2006 p. 317). The researcher or the interviewer asks the questions while the participant responds to them based on his experience or the knowledge about the questions. The interviewer guides the respond throughout the interview until all the questions are answered comprehensively. The interview may involve individuals or groups. According to Seidman, (2013 p. 113) interviews can be carried out through various methods such as; face-to-face interactions, telephone or electronic devices such as internet-enabled computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are different types of interviews depending on how they are carried or how the interview questions are structured. The paper will elaborate, evaluate and analysed four forms of interviews namely: Structured interview Semi-structured interviews Unstructured interviews and Iinformal interviews Types of interviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The types of interviews are discussed based on Creswell, (2014 p. 189) explanations. Structured interviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They are the main tool of research when the researcher has well understanding of the research topic. This is because the researcher is able to formulate all the possible research questions and get as much information from the participants as possible. The researcher may be interested in proving a theory or previous studies. Hence, interview is based on the literature reviewed or observations related to the topic during less structured interviews. The interview is developed using topic specific and close-ended questions. This is from the fact that the researcher has well understanding of the topic and scope and thus limits the information that he or she should obtain from the participants. Although the researcher is able to obtain information that is specific to his or her study, it may be hard for the respondent to answer all the questions well since he may be limited to answers. In addition, lack of knowledge about a certain question may result in incomplete interviews. Semi-Structured interviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interview is used when the researcher has limited time, respondent availability is not guaranteed, and thus different people conduct the interview in the field at the same time. The interview has well explained instructions to guide the interviewers in order to provide accurate and qualitative data in addition to trainings meant for understanding the topic. The interviews are preceded by informal interviews and observations in order to help the researcher to understand the topic in order to develop the semi-structured interview. The interview questions are mainly open ended and thus the respondent has the freedom to answer the questions in his own understanding and experience. The interview becomes interesting when the respondent understands the topic and thus he or she may give as much information as possible. The additional information can be noted in a notebook to support the data during presentation. Unstructured interviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They are carried out when the researchers lack enough understanding on the topic and hence have allowance for additional information from the respondent. The researcher tries to gets as much information from the respondent as possible in order for him or her to build on the existing information. The questions are open ended and the researcher has no influence on the respondents’ answers. However, the researcher has a clear understanding of the research setting. Informal interviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The method is commonly used for social research and or during the early set up of the study. In this type of interview, the researcher aim is to obtain as much information from participants as possible. This is because the topic is poorly understood and there is little literature on the topic and thus information can only be obtained from primary sources to build on the existing information. Most informative interview approach are carried out for studies that are based on experience, interests, or a given culture that is not researched and so the researcher uses observations to develop more understand of the inquiry and develop a rapport. Like the structured, the interview questions are open ended as the respondent’s information is crucial towards development of the study. Pros of the interviews Accurate data   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Seidman, (2013 p. 1oo) interviews give more accurate data than other data collection methods. The researcher explains to the respondents some questions that might be difficult of him or her and thus end up getting the required information. In addition, the researcher explore the topic or questions using probe that enables him or her to get more information and details, which results in more accurate data. That is, the researcher has a chance to clarify and explain some questions that the interviewee my lack the knowledge and understanding thus getting the intended information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interview provides a rich data with details and insights about the topic. The respondent describes his or her own understanding on the topic with the help of the researcher. In addition, the researcher can create a favourable environment for the interview thus resulting in general and sensitive information that is important to the study compared to other methods of data collection such as questionnaires and focus group. For example, in focus group, the interactions of a number of respondents at the same time may hinder discussion of sensitive information due to lack of confidentiality. However, interview between the researcher and respondent only creates a favourable environment to give all types of information. Feedback   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is direct response from the interviewee and the feedback. This ensures that the information sought is obtained and in case of disparity. In addition, the researcher ensures that the information is obtained from the intended person. In other types of methods such as questionnaires, information may be obtained from unintended person. Observations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interviews can be carried out at the same time with observations to gain more understanding and information on the topic. Unlike other methods used in research, interviews allow researcher to make observations that may be important source of information. In addition, the research may compare the information from the respondents and what he or she observes and inquire for clarity when disparity is noticed. Building Rapport   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Close interactions between the researcher and interviewee creates a more relaxed environment, which results to the respondent answering questions based on his or her experience rather than giving direct answers to the topic. The researcher then use the information obtained from the researcher to build a rapport with topic. The researcher may explore additional information from the respondent that may help to develop more understanding on the topic Flexibility   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interviews are conducted at any time, locations, or based on the circumstances of the individual,. Thus, they are the most convenient method of data collection. For example, the researcher can conduct interviews in residential areas, trading areas, farming locations and any other place that may be convenient to the respondent. Cons of interviews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time-consuming: the process of scheduling, conducting, and analysing the interviews consumes a lot of time (Zikmund, 2013 p. 150). The process of visiting the respondents and carrying the interview face-to-face can be tedious and time consuming. Since huge data is obtained from interview, it becomes tedious to enter the data and a lot of time is consumed. Therefore, it is important to have a data entry and analysis plan before data collection. Costly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interviews are costly because they require the interviewers to be trained, the schedules to visit respondents to be prepared and the actual interview process. They require physical participation of respondent and the researcher. Biasness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The physical appearance of the interviewee may affect the attitude of the respondent and thus giving biased information that may affect the accuracy of the data. Other factors that may results in biased information include the respondents’: voice tone and opinion, gender and race, inadequate note taking. Biasness affects the main purpose of the study, which may produce contradicting data from the existing one. This can mislead future studies that may rely on the data. Inconsistencies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The flexibility of the interviews may result in inconsistence data during interactions due to variation in interview setting such as changing environment. For example- interruption of interviews by passersby or other factors such as rain can make the respondent to lose track and give inconsistence information Focus groups   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Focus group involves collection of data through semi-structured interview from a group of respondents who are identified based on diverse but related characteristics to form a diverse group that represent the actual population. The interview is moderated by a group leader and involves discussion of a specific topic. Fiske and Merton introduced the method during their studies that were based on audience participants (Sprenkle & Piercy, 2005 p. 87) Pros of focus group Developing research topic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Focus group give information to the researcher about a given subject, which help him or her to develop the topic and build rapport. The aim of the focus group is to obtain as much information as possible that is necessary for the study and thus it is a common method for preliminary study. Time saving   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Large amount of data from a big population can be obtained within the shortest time possible (Hesse-Biber, & Leavy, 2011 p. 164). Data is collected from groups of respondents at the same time. This is in contrary to interviews where the questions are asked to a single respondent for a given time and it may take a lot of time to cover a given number of respondents as opposed to focus groups. Accurate data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The discussion involves the consensus among the group members. In case of diverse information, members agree on given information that giving accurate and homogeneous data The data is also specific on the researchers’ topic. Economical:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Huge data can be summarized using group consensus and thus data entry and analysis is cheap and time saving as opposed to interviews where huge amount is obtained from very large number of respondents Observations:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just like interviews, the researcher can get additional data from the participants’ behaviour, feelings and thought about the topic. In addition, focus group helps to generate information for a study that could have unobservable features. Cons of focus group Biasness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The moderator of the group or the researcher makes the final judgment and interpretation of the discussion. Subjective judgment and poor interpretation has high risk of introducing personal businesses in the discussion and thus biased data. The participants may tend to follow the initial opinions thus resulting in biased results Risk of incomplete and inaccurate data   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The planning, scheduling and contacting participants may be costly and involving and thus poor management may result to incomplete study that may affect the quality of data collected. Sensitive information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not a good method for addressing sensitive issues. This is because people may feel uneasy sharing sensitive information among their friends or enemies that might be in the group, which may have a negative contributory factor to the quality of data obtained. Addressing the interview cons Time consuming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of alternative means of communication such as telephone and computer can decrease the time spent in scheduling and visiting the respondents. Therefore, avoiding face-to-face interviews can help to save time and making the method more economical. Time that could be spent to travel to respondent and carry physical interview is minimised. Planning should also be done prior to the study in order to avoid time wasting during the actual study. Costly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Activities such as data entry and analysis can be carried along with the interviews to ensure that no additional cost that is incurred during independent data entry. Minimised travelling through phone interviews would cut down on cost. Biasness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Presentable physical appearance should be encouraged. The physical appearance of the interviewer that would not have influence on respondents should be emphasized during training. Interviewers should be discouraged from making subjective judgments that would affect the interactions. Inconsistencies:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interview should be conducted in a neutral environment that has no effect on information delivery. The researcher should spend a considerable good amount of time in looking for a natural setting for the interview conducive for the respondents (Merriam, & Merriam, 2009 p. 17). For example, interviews in closed rooms may have minimal interference, thus maintain consistence information delivery, and thus maintain high quality data. Addressing focus group cons Biasness:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to avoid biasness, the moderator of the focus group should be well trained about making subjective judgment and interpretations. Good relationship between respondents and the researcher promotes mutual understanding that contributes to accurate interpretations of the information (Marshall, & Rossman, 2011 p. 101). The moderator should not be an active part of the study and should be limited to the information on the expected result of the study. Risk of incomplete and inaccurate data:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proper management should be done prior to the study so that all the scheduling and contacting of the participants is made in time. This will ensure that the participants are aware of the scope of the study and their roles and thus the study will be complete successfully. When participants are well-prepared psychologically, they become patient and go through the whole process thus giving complete data. Sensitive information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The moderator should inform the participants about the confidentiality of the information shared in the focus group and create a friendly environment. This will give the participants confidence and freedom to share all the information that they may have including the sensitive one and thus the quality of the data will not be compromised. Participants may feel that some issues belong to the community and that it should not be addressed to a stranger. The researcher may also involve people from the communities to help them moderate the discussion and thus creating favourable environment for discussing sensitive information that is vital to the final data. References Creswell, J. W. (2014).  Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. DiCicco†Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. 2006. The qualitative research interview.Medical education,  40(4), 314-321. 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